Perspectives in Modern Seismology

01.pdf......Page 1
Contents ......Page 5
Introduction ......Page 11
1. Introduction ......Page 15
2. Examples and Design Principles ......Page 16
3. Design of an EWS for Bucharest ......Page 18
4. Cost-Benefit Analysis ......Page 23
5. A New Paradigm for Early Warning Systems ......Page 24
References ......Page 25
1. Introduction ......Page 27
2.1 Data Acquisition ......Page 29
2.3 Results ......Page 30
2.4 Ground Motion Scenarios ......Page 32
3.1 Modelling ......Page 36
3.2 Resonance Frequencies ......Page 37
3.3 Dynamic Simulations ......Page 40
4. Conclusions ......Page 42
References ......Page 43
1. Introduction ......Page 45
2. Earthquake Scenarios ......Page 49
3. Elastic and Computational Modeling Parameters ......Page 50
4.1 Peak Ground Velocities ......Page 52
4.2 Spectral Accelerations ......Page 54
5. Summary ......Page 57
References ......Page 58
Nonlinear  Seismology  - The  Seismology  of  the  XXI Century ......Page 60
2. Geotechnical Evidence for Nonlinear Soil Behaviour ......Page 61
3. Constitutive and Dynamic Equations. Approximate Solutions of Wave Equations ......Page 64
3.1 Approximate Solutions of Wave Equations ......Page 65
3.2 Nonlinear SH Plane Waves Incident to a Solid-Solid Interface ......Page 66
4. Quantitative Evaluation of Nonlinearity ......Page 70
4.1 The Definition of the Spectral Amplification Factor (SAF) ......Page 71
4.2 Spectral Amplification Factors for Recent Strong Vrancea Earthquakes ......Page 72
5. Discussion ......Page 76
6. Conclusions ......Page 78
References ......Page 79
Small-Scale Mantle Plumes: Imaging and  Geodynamic Aspects ......Page 81
1. Introduction ......Page 82
2. Mantle Plumes ......Page 83
3. Observations ......Page 88
4.1 Seismological Anatomy ......Page 90
4.2 Excess Temperature and Buoyancy Flow ......Page 96
4.3 Comparison with Massif Central and Hawaii ......Page 99
5.1 Origin and Ascent ......Page 100
5.2 Scales of Plumes ......Page 101
6. Future Perspectives ......Page 102
References ......Page 103
Structure of the Upper Mantle Beneath Northern  Eurasia Derived from Russian Deep-Seismic PNE  Profiles......Page 107
1. Introduction: PNE Deep Seismic Sounding in Russia ......Page 108
2. The Upper Mantle Discontinuities at 660 and 520 km  Depth ......Page 110
3. High-Frequency Scattering in the Uppermost Mantle ......Page 116
References ......Page 122
1. Introduction ......Page 126
2. Theory ......Page 129
3. The True-Amplitude Weight Function ......Page 131
4. Example  ......Page 133
References ......Page 136
Imaging of Orebodies with Vertical Seismic Profiling Data ......Page 138
1. Introduction ......Page 139
2. Description of the Problem ......Page 141
2.1 Scattering of the Elastic Wavefield ......Page 142
2.2 Spatial Ambiguity ......Page 143
3. Using Polarisation Information ......Page 144
4. A Synthetic Data Example ......Page 146
5. A Real Data Example ......Page 149
6. Conclusions ......Page 151
References ......Page 153
The Dead Sea Fault and Its Effect on Civilization ......Page 155
2. Crustal Structure ......Page 156
3. Evolution of Physiography ......Page 160
4. Ancient Hominids Out of Africa ......Page 162
5. Seismicity Along the Dead Sea Fault ......Page 164
5.1 Paleoseismic Record ......Page 166
5.2 Historical and Archeological Earthquake Record ......Page 168
5.4 Patterns of Seismicity ......Page 170
5.5 Example: Jericho ......Page 171
6. Discussion ......Page 172
References ......Page 173
Velocity Field of the Aegean-Anatolian Region  from 3D Finite Element Models ......Page 178
1. Introduction ......Page 179
2. Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean ......Page 180
3. Geophysical, Geological and Geodetic Observations ......Page 181
5. Model Assumptions and Boundary Conditions ......Page 183
6. Model Rheology and Material Properties ......Page 185
7. Model Results ......Page 186
7.1 Model 1 with Linear Newton Viscosity ......Page 187
7.2 Model 2 and 3 with Non-linear Viscosity ......Page 188
8. Discussion and Conclusions ......Page 190
References ......Page 193
Monitoring of Slab Detachment in the  Carpathians ......Page 195
1. Introduction ......Page 196
2. Tectonic Overview ......Page 198
3. Geophysical Data ......Page 199
4. Seismicity ......Page 200
5. Geodynamic Model ......Page 202
6. Kinematic Gravity Modelling ......Page 204
7. Conclusions ......Page 207
References ......Page 208
Modelling of Descending Slab Evolution Beneath  the SE-Carpathians: Implications for Seismicity ......Page 211
1. Introduction: Vrancea Seismicity and Geodynamics ......Page 212
2. Shear Stress Evolution Induced by the Descending Vrancea Slab - A Corner Flow Model ......Page 215
3. Past, Present and Future of the Vrancea Slab Inferred  from Numerical Models ......Page 219
3.1 Model Description ......Page 220
3.2 Evolution of the Descending Slab from the Late Miocene to  the Present ......Page 223
3.3 Evolution of the Descending Slab After Slab Break-Off ......Page 226
4. Discussion and Conclusions ......Page 228
References ......Page 230
14.pdf......Page 232