Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality Psychology
	INTRODUCTION
	Personality Defined
		Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . .
		And Mechanisms . . .
		Within the Individual . . .
		That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . .
		And That Influence . . .
		His or Her Interactions with . . .
		And Adaptations to . . .
		The Environment
	Three Levels of Personality Analysis
		Human Nature
		Individual and Group Differences
		Individual Uniqueness
	A Fissure in the Field
		Grand Theories of Personality
		Contemporary Research in Personality
	Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature
		Dispositional Domain
		Biological Domain
		Intrapsychic Domain
		Cognitive-Experiential Domain
		Social and Cultural Domain
		Adjustment Domain
	The Role of Personality Theory
	Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories
	Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality?
	Key Terms
Chapter 2 Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
	Sources of Personality Data
		Self-Report Data (S-Data)
		Observer-Report Data (O-Data)
		Test Data (T-Data)
		Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)
		Issues in Personality Assessment
	Evaluation of Personality Measures
		Reliability
		Response Sets
		Validity
		Generalizability
	Research Designs in Personality
		Experimental Methods
		Correlational Studies
		Case Studies
		When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs
	Summary and Evaluation
	Key Terms
PART I: The Dispositional Domain
	Chapter 3 Traits and Trait Taxonomies
		What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations
			Traits as Internal Causal Properties
			Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries
		The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An Illustration of the Descriptive Summary Formulation
			Act Frequency Research Program
			Evaluation of the Act Frequency Formulation
		Identification of the Most Important Traits
			Lexical Approach
			Statistical Approach
			Theoretical Approach
			Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important Traits
		Taxonomies of Personality
			Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality
			Cattell's Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System
			Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality
			Five-Factor Model
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 4 Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
		Theoretical Issues
			Meaningful Differences Among Individuals
			Consistency over Time
			Consistency Across Situations
			Person–Situation Interaction
			Aggregation
		Measurement Issues
			Carelessness
			Faking on Questionnaires
			Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test Interpretations
		Personality and Prediction
			Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace
			Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment Settings
			Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Person for the Job
			Selection in Business Settings—The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
			Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan Personality Inventory
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 5 Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change
		Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change
			What Is Personality Development?
			Rank Order Stability
			Mean Level Stability
			Personality Coherence
			Personality Change
		Three Levels of Analysis
			Population Level
			Group Differences Level
			Individual Differences Level
		Personality Stability over Time
			Stability of Temperament During Infancy
			Stability During Childhood
			Rank Order Stability in Adulthood
			Mean Level Stability in Adulthood
		Personality Change
			Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Adulthood
			Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition
			Sensation Seeking
			Femininity
			Independence and Traditional Roles
			Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism
		Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes
			Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce
			Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional Disturbance
			Religiousness and Spirituality
			Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out
			Health and Longevity
			Predicting Personality Change
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
PART II: The Biological Domain
	Chapter 6 Genetics and Personality
		The Human Genome
		Controversy About Genes and Personality
		Goals of Behavioral Genetics
		What Is Heritability?
			Misconceptions About Heritability
			Nature-Nurture Debate Clarified
		Behavioral Genetic Methods
			Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans' Best Friend
			Family Studies
			Twin Studies
			Adoption Studies
		Major Findings from Behavioral Genetic Research
			Personality Traits
			Attitudes and Preferences
			Drinking and Smoking
			Marriage
		Shared Versus Nonshared Environmental Influences: A Riddle
		Genes and the Environment
			Genotype–Environment Interaction
			Genotype–Environment Correlation
		Molecular Genetics
		Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 7 Physiological Approaches to Personality
		A Physiological Approach to Personality
		Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Personality Research
			Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance)
			Cardiovascular Activity
			Brain Activity
			Other Measures
		Physiologically Based Theories of Personality
			Extraversion–Introversion
			Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment
			Sensation Seeking
			Neurotransmitters and Personality
			Morningness–Eveningness
			Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 8 Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
		Evolution and Natural Selection
			Natural Selection
			Sexual Selection
			Genes and Inclusive Fitness
			Products of the Evolutionary Process
		Evolutionary Psychology
			Premises of Evolutionary Psychology
			Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses
		Human Nature
			Need to Belong
			Helping and Altruism
			Universal Emotions
		Sex Differences
			Sex Differences in Aggression
			Sex Differences in Jealousy
			Sex Differences in Desire for Sexual Variety
			Sex Differences in Mate Preferences
		Individual Differences
			Environmental Triggers of Individual Differences
			Heritable Individual Differences Contingent on Other Traits
			Frequency–Dependent Strategic Individual Differences
		The Big Five, Motivation, and Evolutionarily Relevant Adaptive Problems
		Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
PART III: The Intrapsychic Domain
	Chapter 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
		Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography
		Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
			Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression
			Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don't Know Why We Do What We Do
			Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by Chance
		Structure of Personality
			Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy
			Ego: Executive of Personality
			Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Ideals
			Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego
		Dynamics of Personality
			Types of Anxiety
			Defense Mechanisms
		Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
		Personality and Psychoanalysis
			Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
			The Process of Psychoanalysis
		Why Is Psychoanalysis Important?
		Evaluation of Freud's Contributions
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
		The Neo-Analytic Movement
			Repression and Contemporary Research on Memory
			Contemporary Views on the Unconscious
		Ego Psychology
			Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
			Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation of Psychoanalysis
			Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Narcissism
		Object Relations Theory
			Early Childhood Attachment
			Adult Relationships
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 11 Motives and Personality
		Basic Concepts
			Need
			Press
			Apperception and the TAT
		The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power, and Intimacy
			Need for Achievement
			Need for Power
			Need for Intimacy
		Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize
			Maslow's Contributions
			Rogers's Contributions
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
PART IV: The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
	Chapter 12 Cognitive Topics in Personality
		Personality Revealed Through Perception
			Field Dependence
			Pain Tolerance and Sensation Reducing/Augmenting
		Personality Revealed Through Interpretation
			Kelly's Personal Construct Theory
			Locus of Control
			Learned Helplessness
		Personality Revealed Through Goals
			Personal Projects Analysis
			Cognitive Social Learning Theory
		Intelligence
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality
		Issues in Emotion Research
			Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits
			Categorical Versus Dimensional Approach to Emotion
		Content Versus Style of Emotional Life
			Content of Emotional Life
			Style of Emotional Life
			Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter14 Approaches to the Self
		Descriptive Component of the Self: Self-Concept
			Development of the Self-Concept
			Self-Schemata: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, and Undesired Selves
		Evaluative Component of the Self: Self-Esteem
			Evaluation of Oneself
			Research on Self-Esteem
		Social Component of the Self: Social Identity
			The Nature of Identity
			Identity Development
			Identity Crises
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
PART V: The Social and Cultural Domain
	Chapter 15 Personality  and Social Interaction
		Selection
			Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner
			Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar
			Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They Happy?
			Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples
			Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations
			Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations
		Evocation
			Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility
			Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners
			Evocation of Likability, Pleasure, and Pain
			Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation
		Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics
			A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation
			Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation
			Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation
		Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, and Personality
		The Science and Politics of Studying Sex and Gender
			History of the Study of Sex Differences
			Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the Sex Differences?
			Minimalists and Maximalists
		Sex Differences in Personality
			Temperament in Children
			Five-Factor Model
			Basic Emotions: Frequency and Intensity
			Other Dimensions of Personality
		Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny, and Sex Roles
			The Search for Androgyny
			Gender Stereotypes
		Theories of Sex Differences
			Socialization and Social Roles
			Hormonal Theories
			Evolutionary Psychology Theory
			An Integrated Theoretical Perspective
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 17 Culture and Personality
		Cultural Violations: An Illustration
		What Is Cultural Personality Psychology?
		Three Major Approaches to Culture
			Evoked Culture
			Transmitted Culture
			Cultural Universals
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
PART VI: The Adjustment Domain
	Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
		Models of the Personality-Illness Connection
		The Concept of Stress
			Stress Response
			Major Life Events
			Daily Hassles
			Varieties of Stress
			Primary and Secondary Appraisal
		Coping Strategies and Styles
			Attributional Style
			Optimism and Physical Well-Being
			Management of Emotions
			Disclosure
		Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Disease
			Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Type A Behavior Pattern
			How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Type A Behavior
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 19 Disorders of Personality
		The Building Blocks of Personality Disorders
		The Concept of Disorder
			What Is Abnormal?
			The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
			What Is a Personality Disorder?
		Specific Personality Disorders
			The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being Unpredictable, Violent, or Emotional
			The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of Being Different
			The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being Nervous, Fearful, or Distressed
		Prevalence of Personality Disorders
			Gender Differences in Personality Disorders
		Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders
		Causes of Personality Disorders
		Summary and Evaluation
		Key Terms
	Chapter 20 Summary and Future Directions
		CONCLUSION
		Current Status of the Field
		Domains of Knowledge: Where We've Been, Where We're Going
			Dispositional Domain
			Biological Domain
			Intrapsychic Domain
			Cognitive/Experiential Domain
			Social and Cultural Domain
			Adjustment Domain
		Integration: Personality in the Twenty-First Century
Glossary
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References
Credits
Name Index
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Subject Index
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