Personality and Individual Differences

Personality and Individual Differences......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface to Second Edition......Page 12
Preface to First Edition......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 14
About the Author......Page 15
1: Introducing Individual Differences......Page 16
1.1: Introduction......Page 17
1.2: Personality: A Commonsense Idea......Page 19
1.3: Describing Individuals......Page 20
1.4: Abnormality......Page 23
1.5: Intelligence, Competition and Adaption......Page 24
1.6: Predicting Success......Page 26
1.7: Born Different?......Page 27
1.8: Other Abilities......Page 31
1.9: Variability and Change......Page 33
1.10: Creativity......Page 35
1.11: Leading the Way......Page 37
1.12: Interests......Page 39
2: Personality, Part I......Page 40
2.1: Introduction......Page 41
2.2: Overview and Approaches......Page 42
2.3: Definition of Personality Traits......Page 43
2.4: History of Personality......Page 45
2.5: Personality Traits and States......Page 51
2.6: Eysenck's Gigantic Three......Page 55
2.7: Self-Report Inventories......Page 58
2.8: The Biological Basis of Personality......Page 61
2.9: Gray's Personality Theory......Page 63
2.10: Cattell's 16PF and the Lexical Hypothesis......Page 65
2.11: The Five Factor Model (Big Five)......Page 68
2.12: Summary and Conclusions......Page 76
3: Personality, Part II - Validating Personality Tests......Page 78
3.2: Testing Personality Theories......Page 79
3.2.1: Correlation......Page 81
3.2.2: Regression Analysis......Page 85
3.2.3: Mediation Moderation and Structural Equation Modeling......Page 86
3.3: Personality and Social Behaviour......Page 89
3.4: Personality and Romantic Relationships......Page 91
3.5: Personality and Performance......Page 94
3.5.1: Personality and Educational Performance......Page 95
3.5.2: Personality and Job Performance......Page 97
3.6: Personality and Health......Page 99
3.7: Personality and Happiness......Page 103
3.8.1: Psychoanalysis and Personality Theory......Page 105
3.8.2: Behaviourism and Personality Theory......Page 107
3.8.3: Phenomenolocal Personality Theories......Page 111
3.8.4: Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality......Page 112
3.8.6: Behavioural Genetics......Page 114
3.8.7: Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches
to the Study of Personality......Page 115
3.9: Summary and Conclusions......Page 116
4: Psychopathology......Page 118
4.1: Introduction......Page 119
4.2: Defining Abnormality......Page 120
4.3: Historical Roots of Psychopathology......Page 123
4.4: Modern Approaches to Psychopathology......Page 125
4.4.1: Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Theories......Page 126
4.4.2: Behaviourism......Page 127
4.4.3: Cognitive Revolution......Page 128
4.4.4: Biological Approaches......Page 129
4.5: Integrative Approaches to Psychopathology: The Biopsychosocial Model......Page 130
4.6: Diagnosis: Classifying Psychological Disorders......Page 131
4.7.1: Schizophrenia......Page 133
4.7.2: Affective Disorders......Page 137
4.7.3: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessional States......Page 139
4.7.4: Eating Disorders......Page 142
4.8: Criticisms of the Diagnostic Approach......Page 144
4.9: Dimensional View of Psychopathology and Personality Disorders......Page 145
4.10: Summary and Conclusions......Page 147
5: Intelligence, Part I......Page 150
5.1: Introduction......Page 151
5.2: Defining Intelligence......Page 152
5.2.1: Conceptualizing Intelligence......Page 153
5.3.1: Galton's Hereditary Genius......Page 155
5.3.2: J.M. Cattell's Mental Test......Page 158
5.3.3: Binet and the Origins of IQ Testing......Page 159
5.3.4: Spearman's g Factor of General Intellectual Ability......Page 162
5.3.5: Thurstone's "Primary" Mental Abilities......Page 164
5.4: Cattell's Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence......Page 169
5.5: Genetic VS. Environmental Causes of Intelligence......Page 171
5.6: Piaget and the Developmental Theory of Cognitive Ability......Page 173
5.7: The Great Debate: g VS. Multiple Abilities......Page 175
5.8: Summary and Conclusions......Page 178
6: Intelligence, Part II - Validating Intelligence and Correlates of IQ......Page 180
6.2: Wechsler's IQ Scale......Page 181
6.3.: Intelligence at School and University: Educational Outcomes......Page 184
6.4: In the Job: Occupational Outcomes of Intelligence......Page 187
6.5: Intelligence, Longevity and Health......Page 190
6.6: Intelligence and Social Class......Page 194
6.7: Race and Sex Differences in IQ: Facts, Controversies and Implications......Page 198
6.8: Sex Differences in IQ......Page 200
6.9: Even More Basic: Decomposing Intelligence......Page 206
6.10: Summary and Conclusions......Page 209
7: Behavioural Genetics......Page 211
7.1: Introduction......Page 212
7.2: Early Foundation of Behavioural Genetics......Page 213
7.3: DNA: Some Background......Page 216
7.4: The Power of Genes: Recent Evidence for the Heritability of Intelligence......Page 219
7.5: Intelligence and Assortative Mating......Page 220
7.6: The Importance of the Environment......Page 222
7.7: Biological Effects on Intelligence: Why do They Increase Across the Lifespan......Page 223
7.8: Genetic Causes of Personality Traits......Page 227
7.9: Genetic Basis of Maladaptive Behaviours......Page 231
7.10: Personality and Intelligence: Interplay Between Environment and Genes?......Page 232
7.11: Implications for Upbringing and Education......Page 234
7.12: Contradicting Genetics: The Flynn Effect......Page 235
7.13: Summary and Conclusions......Page 239
8: Beyond IQ - Theories of Hot Intelligence......Page 240
8.1: Introduction......Page 241
8.2: Streetwise Rather than Book Smart......Page 242
8.3.1: Defining Social Intelligence......Page 245
8.4: Theoretical Importance of Social Intelligence......Page 250
8.5: Early Problems......Page 251
8.6: Recent Approaches: From Multidimensionality to Implicit Theories......Page 255
8.7: Emotional Intelligence......Page 256
8.8: Debate and Controversy Surrounding Emotional Intelligence......Page 260
8.9: Origins and Measurement Problems of EQ......Page 261
8.10: Trait Emotional Intelligence: Emotional Self-Efficacy......Page 262
8.11: Practical Intelligence......Page 266
8.12: Summary and Conclusions......Page 267
9: Mood and Motivation......Page 269
9.1: Introduction......Page 270
9.2: Beyond or Underneath Traits......Page 271
9.3: Defining Motivation......Page 273
9.4.1: Reflexes......Page 278
9.4.2: Instincts......Page 279
9.4.4: Psychodynamic Approaches to Motivation......Page 280
9.4.5: Reinforcement: Motivation as Learned Associations......Page 281
9.4.6: Arousal Theories......Page 282
9.4.7: Expectancy Theories......Page 285
9.4.9: Maslow's Hierarchy of Motives......Page 286
9.4.10: Alderfer's ERG Theory......Page 287
9.4.11: Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory......Page 290
9.4.12: McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory......Page 291
9.4.13 Two-Process Theories......Page 292
9.5: Mood States......Page 293
9.6: Structure of Mood......Page 295
9.8: Dispositional Influences on Mood States......Page 297
9.9: Integrative and Recent Approaches to Mood States......Page 298
9.10: Summary and Conclusions......Page 300
10: Creativity......Page 302
10.1: Introduction......Page 303
10.2: Definitions and Conceptualizations of Creativity......Page 305
10.3: Creativity Across Different Psychological Paradigms......Page 308
10.4: Differential Approaches to Creativity......Page 312
10.5: Creativity and Intelligence......Page 314
10.5.1: Creativity as a Form of Intelligence......Page 315
10.5.2: Intelligence as a Form of Creativity......Page 316
10.5.4: Creativity and Intelligence as Unrelated Constructs......Page 318
10.5.5: Creativity and Intelligence as Overlapping
(Related) Constructs......Page 319
10.6: Creativity and Personality Traits......Page 322
10.6.1: Creativity in Abnormal Behaviour (Psychopathology)......Page 324
10.6.2: Creativity in Normal Behavior (the Big Five)......Page 329
10.8: Creativity in Different Fields (From Arts to Science)......Page 333
10.9: Summary and Conclusions......Page 334
11: Leadership......Page 336
11.1: Introduction......Page 337
11.2: Approaches to Leadership......Page 339
11.2.1: Early Foundations of Leadership: Freud's Group Psychology......Page 342
11.2.2: Trait Approaches to Leadership: The Great Man Theory......Page 345
11.2.3: From Attributes to Attributions: Leadership as a
Perceived Construct......Page 348
11.2.4: Trait Approach: Survival and Revival......Page 349
11.2.5: Criticism of the Trait Approach......Page 355
11.3: Behavioural Approaches: Leadership Styles......Page 356
11.3.1: Charismatic Leadership......Page 357
11.3.2: Transformational Leadership: Leaders as Mentors......Page 362
11.3.3: Personality of Transformational Leaders......Page 364
11.3.4: Transactional Leadership: Controlling
rather than Inspiring......Page 365
11.4: Leadership and Gender......Page 366
11.5: Summary and Conclusions......Page 368
12: Vocational Interests......Page 370
12.1: Introduction......Page 371
12.2: Approaches to Vocational Interests......Page 372
12.3: Linking Theory and Practice......Page 374
12.4: Stability of Interests: Evidence for Dispositional Nature......Page 375
12.5: Gender Differences in Vocational Interests......Page 377
12.7: Holland's RIASEC Typology......Page 382
12.8: Prediger's Three-Factor Model......Page 387
12.9: Holland and the Big Five......Page 388
12.10: Circumscription and Compromise: Gottfredson's Theory......Page 389
12.11: Trait Complexes and Interests......Page 390
12.12: Summary and Conclusions......Page 392
Glossary......Page 394
References......Page 402
Index......Page 442
Back Cover......Page 453