Person Reference in Interaction: Linguistic, Cultural and Social Perspectives (Language Culture and Cognition)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 13
1.2.1 Identifying and categorizing individuals......Page 14
1.2.2 From individuation to reference: names and descriptions......Page 15
1.3 Key notions for the empirical study of initial person reference......Page 19
1.3.1.1 Marked and Unmarked......Page 20
1.3.2 Principles of person-reference emerging from the study of English conversation......Page 22
1.4.1 Preference for achieving recognition (via name and otherwise)......Page 24
1.4.2 Preference for minimization......Page 25
1.4.3 A preference for association......Page 26
1.4.4 Cross-cutting preferences......Page 27
1.4.5 Variation in principles across cultures......Page 28
Acknowledgements......Page 31
Part I Person reference as a system......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 35
2.2 Two preferences and their specification for person reference......Page 36
2.3 Incompatibility and its resolution......Page 38
3.1 On the fundamentals of person reference......Page 41
3.2 Some theoretical preliminaries......Page 42
3.3 Rossel Island – the ethnographic background of person description......Page 49
3.4 The natural history of initial reference to persons......Page 53
3.5 The nature of pointing gestures accompanying person reference......Page 56
3.6 Repair in third position......Page 57
3.7 Circumspection motivates multiple, sequential upgrades......Page 67
3.8 Taking theoretical stock......Page 78
4 Alternative recognitionals in person reference......Page 85
4.1 Background......Page 86
4.2.1 Unmarked recognitional forms for third-person singular......Page 88
4.2.2 Departures from unmarked third-person recognitionals......Page 89
4.2.2.1 Recipient associated: ‘Yer sister’......Page 90
4.2.2.2 Speaker associated: ‘My honey’......Page 95
4.2.2.3 Demonstrative prefaced descriptions: ‘That next door neighbour’......Page 97
4.2.2.4 ‘In the know’ references: ‘The lady mayoress’......Page 101
4.3 Discussion......Page 106
Acknowledgements......Page 108
5 Meanings of the unmarked: how ‘default’ person reference does more than just refer......Page 109
5.1 The Lao system of person reference......Page 111
5.1.1 Ethnographic background to the hierarchical stance in Lao social organization......Page 112
5.1.2 Pronouns......Page 114
5.1.3 Lao names and name prefixes......Page 115
5.1.4 Default formulations of initial references to persons in Lao conversation......Page 117
5.1.4.1 Maintaining differential perspectives to a single referent in conversation......Page 119
5.1.5 Pragmatically marked formulations of initial references to persons......Page 120
5.1.5.1 Pragmatically marked selection of prefix......Page 121
5.1.5.2 Omission of prefix......Page 122
5.2.1 How default formulations work......Page 124
5.2.2 How defaults are disarmed in conversation analysis by a Members-Only Filter......Page 125
5.2.3 What remains unseen depends on where your blind spot is......Page 127
Acknowledgements......Page 131
Part II The person reference system in operation......Page 133
6.1 Introduction......Page 135
6.2 Past resources......Page 136
6.3 Minimization and self-reference......Page 139
6.4 Recipient-design and self-reference......Page 142
6.5 The mundane and not so mundane…and a conclusion......Page 157
7.1 Construing persons......Page 161
7.2 Ways of referring to persons in Yucatec......Page 163
7.3 Situated construals of third parties......Page 170
7.4 Conclusion......Page 182
Acknowledgements......Page 183
8.1 Introduction......Page 184
8.1.1 Ethnographic background......Page 186
8.2 Resources for doing person reference in Tzeltal......Page 187
8.2.1 Kin terms and other relationship terms (‘your brother-in-law’, ‘your namesake’ ‘our-inclusive compadre’)......Page 188
8.2.2 Names......Page 190
8.2.4 Minimal descriptions (‘that one’ ‘the girls’, ‘the boss’)......Page 192
8.2.5 Pronominal cross-referencing on the verb (‘he/she’, ‘they’)......Page 193
8.2.6 Summary: default person-reference forms......Page 194
8.3.1 Overview......Page 196
8.3.2 Minimal person reference in Tzeltal......Page 198
8.3.3 Non-minimal initial person references......Page 203
8.3.4 Repair......Page 209
8.4 Summary: Tzeltal person-reference practices......Page 210
8.5 Principles of person reference instantiated in Tzeltal......Page 211
Abbreviations......Page 213
9.1 Introduction......Page 215
9.2 Background......Page 216
9.2.1 Quasi-pronouns in Korean......Page 217
9.3 Ku-forms as the unmarked quasi-pronouns for non-present persons......Page 220
9.4.1 I-based quasi-pronouns signalling prominence of the referent......Page 222
9.4.2 I-based quasi-pronouns claiming speaker’s epistemic authority on the referent......Page 226
9.5 Conclusion......Page 234
Abbreviations......Page 237
10.1 Gossip in the Who’s Who......Page 238
10.2 An initial metadiscourse of names:: the new son-in-law, 1970......Page 239
10.3 Economies of reference: triangularity......Page 241
10.4 Names and nicknames......Page 246
10.5 Nicknames......Page 247
10.6 The indexicality of names......Page 249
10.7 Kinship terms......Page 252
10.7.1 Address......Page 255
10.8 Titles (honorific and dishonorific), geographic monikers and affect......Page 256
10.9 Optimality and upgrades......Page 259
10.10 ‘Referring dupliciter’......Page 261
Abbreviations......Page 263
Part III The person reference as a system in trouble......Page 265
11 Intersubjectivity and progressivity in person (and place) reference......Page 267
11.1 Background......Page 271
11.2 Calibrating the dilemma: formats for self-repair......Page 273
11.3 Framing a person reference with an interpolation......Page 276
11.4 Recognitional hitches and the management of recipient recognition......Page 277
11.5 The salience of recognition and of its demonstration......Page 281
11.6 Adequate reference as shared responsibility......Page 286
11.7 Other recipient expansions of recognitional references......Page 289
11.8 Recognition as default......Page 291
12.1 Introduction: trouble and repair in person reference......Page 293
12.2 Bequia......Page 297
12.4 Person reference and other-initiated repair......Page 300
12.5 Trouble source and repair practices......Page 302
12.6 Who?......Page 305
12.7 Who X?......Page 308
12.8 Who is named so?......Page 311
12.9 Recipient design and repair in person reference......Page 316
12.10 Conclusions......Page 319
Acknowledgements......Page 320
13.2 Kilivila, the language and its speakers......Page 321
13.3 Forms of third-person reference in Kilivila......Page 322
13.3.1 Names and nicknames......Page 323
13.3.2 Kinship terms, kinship-terms and names, demonstratives and names, role descriptions and other additional descriptors......Page 326
13.3.3 Titles/honorifics and epithets......Page 327
13.3.4 Name taboo and third-person reference......Page 329
13.3.5 Reference to places in third-person reference......Page 330
13.3.6 Affixes and demonstratives and affixes......Page 331
13.3.7 Preferences in the organization of reference to persons in Kilivila......Page 332
13.4 A ‘référence dangereuse’ to persons in Kilivila......Page 334
13.5 Concluding remarks: reference to persons and the cross-cultural study of human interaction......Page 347
Acknowledgements......Page 349
References......Page 350
Index......Page 365