Persistent and Emerging Challenges to Development: Insights for Policy-Making in India

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors, Contributors and Reviewers
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	1.1 Context
	1.2 The Coverage
	1.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Part I The Macroeconomy: Foreign Trade, Structural Transition and the Environment
2 Asymmetric Quality Effect of Input Trade Liberalization
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Model
	2.3 Sector-Specific Input Trade Liberalization
		2.3.1 Liberalization of Tariff on Imported Input I
		2.3.2 Liberalization of Tariff on Imported Input M
		2.3.3 Choice of Sector-Specific Input Trade Liberalization
	2.4 Across-The-Board Input Trade Liberalization
	2.5 Effect on Value of Exports
	2.6 Future Empirical Analysis
	2.7 Conclusion
	Appendix
		Profit Maximizing Choice of Quality of Z Exports and the ΠZ Curve
		Determination of Slope of MN Curve
		Input Trade Liberalization and Change in Equilibrium Quality
		Change in Quality Under Sector-Specific/Selective Input Trade Liberalization
		Equiproportionate Across-the-Board Input Trade Liberalization
		Proof of Lemma 2.1
		Effect on Value of Exports of Good Z
		Proof of Lemma 2.2
	References
3 Informal Sector in India: A Critique of Inclusive Transition
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A Model of Formal–Informal–Agriculture Interactions
		3.2.1 The Structure of Our Model Economy
		3.2.2 Comparative Static Analysis and the Phenomenon of Non-Transition
	3.3 Formal–Informal–Agriculture Interactions and Differentiation Within the Informal Sector
		3.3.1 Empirical Exercise and Data Source
	3.4 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix 1
	References
4 An Analysis of the Medical Devices Sector in India—Domestic Manufacturing and International Trade
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methodology
	4.3 Structure of the Manufacturing Sector for Medical Devices in India
	4.4 Domestic Production Profile of Medical Devices Sector in India
	4.5 Import–Export Profile of Medical Devices to and from India
	4.6 Discussions and Conclusions
	Appendix 1
	References
5 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: Empirical Evidence from South Asian Countries
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Data
		5.2.1 Data Sources
		5.2.2 Stationarity of Data
	5.3 Methodology
	5.4 Results
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Part II Health and Standard of Living
6 Hurdles in Fuel Choice and Consumption in Rural India
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Literature Review
	6.3 Data and Methodology
		6.3.1 Data
		6.3.2 Methodology
	6.4 Results and Discussions
		6.4.1 Results
		6.4.2 Discussion on Results
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Explaining Cross-Region Disparities in Childhood Stunting in India
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials and Methods
		7.2.1 Data and Variables
		7.2.2 Methods
	7.3 Results
		7.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of HAZ Scores Across Regions
		7.3.2 Sample Characteristics of Study Children Across Regions
		7.3.3 Recentered Influence Function (RIF) Quantile Regression
		7.3.4 Counterfactual Decompositions
	7.4 Discussion
	References
8 How Long We Will Wait to Celebrate the First Birthday of Infants in India?
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Research Questions
	8.3 Data and Methods
		8.3.1 Data
		8.3.2 Methodology
	8.4 Results
		8.4.1 Trends in Rural–Urban IMR
		8.4.2 Choropleth Maps
		8.4.3 Regression Analysis
	8.5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
9 Incidence of Wasted Pregnancy and Health Facilities: An Empirical Study of the Indian Women
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Literature Review
	9.3 Data and Methodology
		9.3.1 Data Sources and Econometric Models
		9.3.2 Working Definition of the Variables Used in the Model for the Prevalence of Wasted Pregnancy
		9.3.3 Socioeconomic–Demographic Traits Affecting the Health and Access to Healthcare Facilities
		9.3.4 Statistics of Wasted Pregnancy in Respect of Selected Health-Related and Socioeconomic Factors
	9.4 Findings and Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
10 Analysis of Quality of Living Data of Households of Indian Districts Using Machine Learning Approach of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Description of the Problem
	10.3 Method of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering
	10.4 Results and Discussion
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Multidimensional Poverty in Rural India: An Exploratory Study of Purulia District
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Literature Review and Profile of Purulia District
	11.3 Methodology and Data
		11.3.1 Measure of the Incidence and Intensity of Income Poverty
		11.3.2 Measure of the Incidence and Intensity of Multidimensional Poverty
		11.3.3 Data Sources
	11.4 Empirical Findings and Discussion
	11.5 Conclusion with Policy Prescriptions
	References
Part III Education, Human Capital and Evolution of the Employment Quality in India
12 Input-Oriented Technical Efficiency and Its Determinants of Primary Education in West Bengal: A District-Level Analysis
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Methodology and Data
		12.2.1 Methodology for Finding Input-Oriented TE Score
		12.2.2 Description of Radial and Slack Movements
		12.2.3 The Variables Used for the Determinants of Input-Oriented Technical Efficiency
		12.2.4 Data Sources
	12.3 Empirical Findings
		12.3.1 Results of Estimation of Technical Efficiency Score
		12.3.2 Comparison of Technical Efficiency Score and Literacy Rate and Educational Development Index
		12.3.3 Analysis of Radial and Slack Movements of Different Inputs
		12.3.4 Factors Influencing Technical Efficiency Score
	12.4 Summary and Policy Suggestions
	References
13 Public Expenditure on Pre-tertiary and Tertiary Education: Effects on Skilled–Unskilled Wage Inequality
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Endogenous Skill Formation and Determination of Skilled and Unskilled Labour Supply
	13.3 The General Equilibrium Model
	13.4 Effects of Government Subsidy on Pre-tertiary and Tertiary Education
	13.5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
14 Not in Education, Employment or Training: Incidence, Determinants and Costs in India
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Literature Review
	14.3 Research Objective
	14.4 Database and Methodology
		14.4.1 Database
		14.4.2 Operational Definition of NEET
		14.4.3 Methodology
	14.5 Findings
		14.5.1 Estimates
		14.5.2 Correlates of NEET
		14.5.3 Determinants of NEET
		14.5.4 Marginal Effects
		14.5.5 Costs
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 An Exploration into Inter-Generational Occupational Mobility in India: Evidences from IHDS-II
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Literature Review
	15.3 Dataset
	15.4 Empirical Strategy
		15.4.1 Data Mining
		15.4.2 Absolute Mobility
		15.4.3 Level of Mobility
		15.4.4 Wealth Index
		15.4.5 Regression Specification
	15.5 Analysis and Results
		15.5.1 Mobility Matrix
		15.5.2 Absolute Mobility
		15.5.3 Level of Mobility: Other Indexes
		15.5.4 Logistic Regression: Results and Explanation
	15.6 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Part IV Banking and Credit: Access, Efficiency and Stability
16 Openness and Potential Fragility of the Global Banking System
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Literature Review
	16.3 Data and Variables
		16.3.1 Choice of Countries
		16.3.2 Dependent Variable: The Stability Index
		16.3.3 Independent Variables
		16.3.4 Other Explanatory Variables
	16.4 Methodology: Dynamic Panel Data
	16.5 Results and Discussion
		16.5.1 Descriptive Statistics and Panel Unit Root Testing
		16.5.2 Results of the Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
17 Informal Trade Credit Guarantee Networks
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Networks
		17.2.1 Model
		17.2.2 Trade Credit Guarantee
	17.3 Network Architecture
	17.4 Concluding remarks
	Appendix
	References
18 Repeated Lending in Informal Credit Markets with Adverse Selection and Strategic Default
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Model
	18.3 Variation in Borrower Types: Full Information
	18.4 Different Types of Borrowers: Adverse Selection
	18.5 Comparative Statics
	18.6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	Determination of Critical Level of Population Proportion
	Determination of Critical Level of Population Proportion with Growing Population of Borrowers
	Sufficiency Condition of 0 lef* = Yp(δP - δM )YpδP - LδL  le1
	Derivatives of fast with Respect to Different Parameters
	Impact of Change in p on Market Interest Rate
	Impact of Change in Y on Market Interest Rate
	Impact of Change in L on Market Interest Rate
	Impact of change in δM on market interest rate
	References
19 Financial Inclusion in India: An Intertemporal Study
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Literature Review and Measures of Financial Inclusion
	19.3 Methodology and Data Sources
	19.4 Findings and Discussion
	19.5 Concluding Remarks
	References