Peritoneal Dialysis: A Clinical Update (Contributions to Nephrology)

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Hemodialysis......Page 14
Diffusion and Convection......Page 15
Membranes, Diffusivity and Sieving......Page 16
The Membrane and the Blood Compartment......Page 17
The Dialysate Compartment......Page 18
Factors Affecting Solute Transport......Page 19
References......Page 24
Anatomy of the Peritoneum......Page 26
Resistance to Solute and Water Transport......Page 27
Solute Transfer by Diffusion......Page 28
Lymphatic Absorption......Page 29
Peritoneal Function After Long-Term Exposure to Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions......Page 30
References......Page 31
Abstract......Page 33
Small Solute Kinetics and Clearance in Native Kidneys, PD and HD......Page 34
Understanding Urea Kinetics in Continuous (PD) and Intermittent (HD) Dialysis – A Simplified Approach......Page 36
Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 37
Hemodialysis......Page 38
References......Page 39
Abstract......Page 41
Net Ultrafiltration: Osmosis and Fluid Loss......Page 42
Basic Physiology and Anatomy of the Peritoneal Barrier......Page 44
Remaining Questions Concerning the Mechanism of Net UF......Page 47
References......Page 48
Abstract......Page 50
Conclusion......Page 53
References......Page 54
Abstract......Page 55
References......Page 59
The Peritoneal Membrane During Long-Term PD......Page 61
Glucose Degradation Products and the Peritoneal Membrane......Page 63
References......Page 64
Abstract......Page 67
The Experimental Model......Page 68
Effects of Dialysis Solutions Upon the Undressed Areas: Repopulation or Repair?......Page 70
Discussion......Page 72
References......Page 73
Abstract......Page 75
Pathology......Page 76
Animal Models......Page 78
Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 79
Conclusions......Page 80
References......Page 81
Animal Model Research: The ANIMOD Collaboration......Page 83
Relevance of the Animal Models for Clinical Practice......Page 84
Chronic Animal Models......Page 85
References......Page 87
Abstract......Page 90
GDP-Related Effects to Mesothelial Cells......Page 91
Formation of AGEs and their Interaction with RAGE......Page 92
AGE/RAGE Interaction: Peritoneal Neoangiogenesis......Page 93
Concluding Remarks......Page 94
References......Page 95
Abstract......Page 97
Acute Effects of Perfusion with Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid......Page 99
Chronic Exposure Rat Models......Page 100
References......Page 101
Abstract......Page 103
The Neutral pH, Low GDP PDF (Balance®, Fresenius Medical Care)......Page 104
The Low GDP, Bicarbonate/Lactate Based, Physiological pH PDF (Physioneal®, Baxter Healthcare)......Page 105
Amino Acid Containing PDF (Nutrineal®, Baxter Healthcare)......Page 106
Combination Regime......Page 107
References......Page 108
Abstract......Page 110
The Peritoneal Transport Process......Page 111
Peritoneal Transport with Icodextrin Solution......Page 113
Use of Icodextrin Solutions in High Transporters......Page 114
References......Page 115
Abstract......Page 117
Dry Body Weight......Page 118
Water and Sodium Removal Targets......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 121
References......Page 122
The Problem of Overhydration in Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 124
Diagnosis of Overhydration......Page 125
Treatment of Overhydration......Page 126
Effect of Treatment of Overhydration by Increasing Peritoneal Ultrafiltration on Residual Renal Function and Diuresis......Page 127
Can a Decline in Renal Function with Strict Volume Control be Prevented?......Page 128
References......Page 129
Abstract......Page 132
Measurement Methods......Page 133
Fluid Volume Estimation......Page 135
50 kHz bioimpedance Vector Analysis......Page 136
Application of BIA to PD Patients......Page 137
Summary of BIA Study in PD......Page 139
References......Page 140
Abstract......Page 142
References......Page 146
Abstract......Page 148
Malnutrition......Page 149
Residual Renal Function......Page 150
Treatment of Acidosis......Page 151
Volume Control......Page 152
Measures to Reduce AGE......Page 153
Role of Antibiotics......Page 154
References......Page 155
Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis; Lasciate Ogni Speranza Voi Ch’entrate......Page 157
Inflammation in Peritoneal Dialysis – Still Some Things We Need to Understand......Page 158
Potential Strategies to Modulate the Inflammatory Response in Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 160
References......Page 162
Abstract......Page 165
References......Page 167
Abstract......Page 169
Clinical Evidence......Page 170
Cellular Immune Response System of the Peritoneal Barrier......Page 171
Dialysis Solutions and Alteration of Mesothelial Cells to a Fibroblast-like Phenotype......Page 172
Mechanisms of Inflammation......Page 173
Low GDP Solutions and Biocompatibility......Page 175
References......Page 176
Abstract......Page 179
Adipokines – Mysterious Acquaintances......Page 180
Adipose Tissue as a Contributor to Increased Systemic Inflammation......Page 182
Is it Good to be Fat if You are on PD?......Page 183
References......Page 184
Abstract......Page 187
Interstitium and Peritoneal Transport......Page 188
Alteration in the Sub-Peritoneal Compact Zone......Page 189
Possible Mechanism for the Clinical Observations due to Fibrosis of the Peritoneum......Page 191
References......Page 192
Abstract......Page 194
Causes of Peritonitis......Page 195
Fungal Peritonitis......Page 196
Catheter Removal for Infection......Page 197
References......Page 198
Abstract......Page 200
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes......Page 202
Monocytes......Page 203
Non-Cellular Causes of Cloudy Dialysate......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 205
References......Page 206
Early History of Catheter Development (1923–1968)......Page 208
Modifications to Mitigate Complications of the Tenckhoff Catheter......Page 210
Most Commonly Used Chronic Peritoneal Catheters......Page 211
Concluding Remarks......Page 212
References......Page 213
Abstract......Page 215
Target Haemoglobin Concentration......Page 216
Exclude Other Causes of Anaemia......Page 218
Iron Management......Page 219
Choice of Agent......Page 220
Expected Response to ESA Therapy......Page 221
Poor Response to ESA Therapy......Page 222
How to Manage Anaemia During Peritonitis and Other Infective Complications of PD......Page 223
Conclusions......Page 224
References......Page 225
Abstract......Page 227
Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification......Page 228
The Impact of Vascular Calcification in Dialysis Patients......Page 230
Renal Osteodystrophy in PD Patients......Page 231
Calcium Balance in PD Patients......Page 232
Phosphorus Balance in PD Patients......Page 233
Control of Calcium and Phosphate in PD Patients......Page 234
Conclusions......Page 235
References......Page 236
Abstract......Page 239
Organizational Aspects......Page 240
Clinical Parameters of Adequacy......Page 241
Technical Issues......Page 242
Peritoneal Dialysis is a Full Treatment for ESRD......Page 243
References......Page 247
Abstract......Page 248
References......Page 252
Abstract......Page 253
Compliance......Page 254
Dialysis Adequacy and Nutrition......Page 255
Patient Survival......Page 256
Conclusion......Page 257
References......Page 258
Abstract......Page 260
Recommended Therapeutic Strategies......Page 261
The Hope of PD......Page 262
Why Can PD Be so Effective in Refractory CHF?......Page 264
References......Page 265
Immediate Post-Transplant Graft Function......Page 267
Long-Term Graft and Patient Survival......Page 269
References......Page 270
Abstract......Page 272
PD Penetration and PD Technique Survival......Page 273
Cold Ischemia Time......Page 274
Short-Term Outcome......Page 275
Graft Vascular Thrombosis......Page 277
Long-Term Outcome......Page 279
References......Page 281
Peritoneal Dialysis Following Transplant Failure: What are the Issues?......Page 284
Haemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis?......Page 285
Technique Failure Following a Failed Transplant......Page 286
Balancing the Risk of Preservation of Renal Function and Immune-Suppression......Page 287
Conclusion......Page 288
References......Page 289
Abstract......Page 291
Indications......Page 292
Reaching Adequacy Targets......Page 294
Ultrafiltration......Page 295
References......Page 296
APD and Adequacy Targets......Page 298
APD Schedules for Anuric Patients......Page 299
APD Schedules with Various Dwell Volumes......Page 300
Clinical Results......Page 301
References......Page 303
Abstract......Page 304
History and Development of APD......Page 305
The New Generation of Cyclers......Page 307
The Home Choice and the Home Choice Pro......Page 308
The PD Night and the Sleep Safe......Page 309
The PD 100T, PD101 and the PD 200......Page 311
Prescription and Delivery of APD......Page 313
Treatment Monitoring......Page 314
New Solutions......Page 317
On-Line Preparation of Solutions for APD......Page 318
References......Page 319
Abstract......Page 323
Conclusion......Page 329
References......Page 330
Abstract......Page 334
Benefits of CFPD......Page 335
The Faulty Rationale for CFPD......Page 336
References......Page 337
Abstract......Page 339
Patient and Methods......Page 342
Results......Page 343
Discussion......Page 345
References......Page 347
Abstract......Page 349
Novel Sorbents......Page 350
Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 353
References......Page 354
T......Page 357
Z......Page 358
A......Page 359
C......Page 360
F......Page 361
K......Page 362
P......Page 363
U......Page 365
W......Page 366