Performance Criteria for Concrete Durability (Rilem Report, No 12)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
RILEM technical committee 116-PCD and contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1 Introduction and problem statement......Page 17
References......Page 18
2.1 Diffusion......Page 19
2.2 Permeation......Page 20
2.2.3  WATER PERMEABILITY......Page 21
2.3 Capillary suction......Page 22
2.4 Adsorption and desorption......Page 23
2.6  References......Page 24
3.2 Moisture and water flow......Page 26
3.2.3 RATE OF WATER ABSORPTION VS WATER PERMEABILITY......Page 27
3.3.1 GAS PERMEABILITY VS GAS DIFFUSION......Page 30
3.3.3 DIFFUSION OF DIFFERENT GASES......Page 31
3.3.4 GAS PERMEABILITY VS WATER PERMEABILITY......Page 32
3.4 Ion diffusion......Page 33
3.4.1  ION DIFFUSION VS WATER PERMEABILITY......Page 34
3.5 Conclusion......Page 35
3.6 References......Page 36
4.1.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS: PURE PASTE AND CONCRETE PERMEABILITY......Page 38
(a) Water/cement ratio......Page 40
(b) Age......Page 41
(c) Curing......Page 43
(d) Aggregate type......Page 44
(f) Additions......Page 45
(a) Water/cement (w/c) ratio......Page 49
(b) Curing......Page 50
(c) Aggregates......Page 53
(d) Workability......Page 54
(f) Age......Page 55
(a) Concretes of equal 28-day strength......Page 56
(b) Concretes of equal w/c ratio......Page 64
4.2.3 CONCLUSIONS......Page 66
4.3.2  EFFECT OF MOISTURE UPON GAS TRANSPORT......Page 68
4.3.3 EFFECT OF MOISTURE UPON WATER ABSORPTION......Page 70
(b) Effect of carbonation......Page 71
4.3.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 72
4.4  References......Page 73
5.2 Carbonation......Page 81
5.2.1 GAS PERMEABILITY......Page 84
5.3 Sulphate attack......Page 89
5.5 Frost resistance......Page 92
5.6 Leaching......Page 94
5.8 Acid attack......Page 95
5.9 Abrasion resistance......Page 97
5.10 Chloride ingress......Page 98
5.11 Corrosion of reinforcement......Page 100
5.12 Conclusions......Page 101
5.13 References......Page 103
6.1.2 SEAWATER EXPOSURE......Page 106
6.2.1 FROST AND DEICING SALT ATTACK......Page 107
6.3 Types of chloride in concrete......Page 108
6.4 Critical chloride concentration......Page 110
6.5 Transport mechanisms for chlorides......Page 112
6.5.2 CAPILLARY SUCTION......Page 113
6.5.3 DIFFUSION......Page 114
6.6 Chloride profiles......Page 116
6.7.1 SAMPLING......Page 117
6.8 References......Page 120
(a) General considerations......Page 122
(b) Experimental data......Page 124
7.2.2 CAPILLARY SUCTION......Page 127
7.3.1 CARBONATION......Page 129
7.3.2 FROST RESISTANCE......Page 132
(a) Mechanisms of abrasion......Page 134
(b) Parameters influencing abrasion resistance......Page 136
(c) Abrasion resistance and concrete strength......Page 137
7.4 Conclusions......Page 139
7.5 References......Page 140
8.3 Description of connectivity by percolation theory......Page 142
8.5 Cement paste......Page 143
8.5.1 PORE CONNECTIVITY......Page 144
8.5.3 DIFFUSIVITY OF CEMENT PASTE......Page 145
8.6.2 CONCRETE CONSIDERED AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL......Page 146
8.6.3 INTERFACIAL ZONE PERCOLATION......Page 147
8.7 Critically needed future work......Page 148
8.9 References......Page 149
9.1.2 TEST METHODS......Page 151
9.1.4 STANDARD TEST METHODS......Page 153
(b) Conditioning of the sample......Page 154
9.2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 155
9.2.2 TEST METHODS......Page 156
9.2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASURED WATER ‘PERMEABILITY’......Page 157
9.3.2 TEST METHODS......Page 158
9.3.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASURED CAPILLARY SUCTION......Page 159
9.4.2 TEST METHODS......Page 160
(c) Preconditioning of specimens......Page 162
9.5.2 TEST METHODS......Page 163
9.5.4 EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS; VARIABILITY......Page 165
9.6.2 STEADY-STATE METHOD......Page 166
9.6.3 NON-STEADY-STATE METHOD......Page 167
9.7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 168
(a) Electrode processes......Page 169
9.7.3 DIFFUSION AND MIGRATION PHENOMENA......Page 170
9.7.5 CALCULATION OF D FROM THE VALUE OF INTENSITY: NERNST-EINSTEIN EQUATION......Page 171
9.7.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIFFUSIVITIES IN STATIONARY REGIMES......Page 172
(a) Constant voltage: Nernst-Plank equation......Page 173
9.8.1 EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES......Page 174
9.8.2 DISCUSSION......Page 176
9.9 References......Page 177
10.1.2  ISAT AND MODIFICATIONS......Page 180
10.1.3 FIGG METHOD AND MODIFICATIONS......Page 182
10.1.4 STANDARDIZED METHODS; COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE APPARATUS......Page 183
10.1.6 EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION......Page 184
10.1.7 COMMENTS......Page 185
10.2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 186
10.2.4 PAULMANN......Page 187
10.2.6  PARROTT......Page 189
10.2.8 SCHÖNLIN......Page 190
10.2.9 TORRENT......Page 191
10.3 Evaluation......Page 192
10.4 References......Page 193
11.1 Scope and approach......Page 195
11.2 The role of transport properties in corrosive actions......Page 196
11.3.1 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED......Page 197
11.5.1 GENERAL......Page 198
(a) Gas permeability......Page 199
11.5.3 MOISTURE CONDITION OF THE TEST SPECIMENS......Page 200
11.8 Further work needed......Page 201
A.1 Introduction......Page 203
A.3 Relative humidity in concrete......Page 204
A.4 Resistivity......Page 207
A.5 Dielectric properties......Page 208
A.6 Thermal properties......Page 210
A.7 Infrared absorption......Page 212
A.8 Neutron scattering......Page 213
A.9 Discussion......Page 214
A.11 References......Page 216
Appendix B:  Conversiona table for permeabilityb units (1)......Page 220
Materials and Structures......Page 221
RILEM recommendations and recommended practice......Page 222
Index......Page 223