People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

People of the Earth- Front Cover
People of the Earth
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
	New to This Edition
	Support for Instructors and Students
	A Note on the World Wide Web
Acknowledgments
Authors’ Note
	Conventions for Dates and Measurements
	Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates
Chapter 1: Introducing World Prehistory
	Archaeology and Prehistory
	The Beginnings of World Prehistory
	Who Needs the Past?
	Studying Culture and Culture Change
	Primary Cultural Processes
	Theoretical Approaches: Culture as Adaptation
	Theoretical Approaches: Evolutionary Ecology and Hunter-Gatherers
	Theoretical Approaches: People as Agents of Change
PART I: BEGINNINGS: 7 Million to 30,000 Years Ago
Chapter 2: Human Origins: 7 Million to 1.9 Million Years Ago
	The Great Ice Age
	The Origins of the Human Line
	Tracing Origins
	Molecular Biology and Human Evolution
	The Ecological Problems Faced by Early Hominins
	Fossil Evidence: 7 to 4 Ma
	The First Australopithecines: c. 4.2 to 3 Ma
	Fossil Evidence: 3.3 to 2 Ma
	Early Homo: 2.5 to c. 2.0 Ma
	Who Was the First Human?
	Archaeological Evidence for Early Human Behavior
	Plant Foraging and “Grandmothering”
	Toolmaking
	The Mind of the Earliest Humans
	The Development of Language and Speech
	Social Organization
Chapter 3: Archaic Humans: 1.9 Million to 30,000 Years Ago
	Pleistocene Background
	Homo ergaster in Africa
	The Radiation of Homo ergaster/erectus
	Out of Africa: Homo erectus in Asia
	Moving to the North: The Settlement of Temperate Latitudes
	Archaic Human Technology
	Evidence for Behavior: Boxgrove,Schöningen, and Torralba
	Language and Speech
	The Neanderthals
	A More Complex Technology
	The Origins of Burial and Religious Belief
	Neanderthal Speech and Language?
	The Denisovans
PART II: THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS: c. 350,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
Chapter 4: Origins and the Diaspora Begins: c. 350,000 Years Ago and Later
	Origins
	Out of Africa
	When Did Modern Cognitive Skills Appear?
	First H. sapiens Settlement in East and Southeast Asia
	New Guinea and Adjacent Islands
	Australia
	African Hunter-Gatherers
Chapter 5: Europe and Eurasia: c. 50,000 to 10,000 Years Ago
	Initial Brief Dispersal
	Sustained Dispersal
	The Upper Pleistocene (c. 126,000 to 10,000 Years Ago)
	Aurignacians and Their Successors (39,000 to 10,000 Years Ago)
	Settling Eurasia (39,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
	Siberia (?33,000 to 13,000 Years Ago)
	Bifaces, Microblades, and the First Americans
Chapter 6: The First Americans: Around 15,000 Years Ago to Modern Times
	The First Settlement of the Americas
	Settlement Routes
	The Earliest Settlement South of the Ice Sheets
	A Scenario for First Settlement
	The Paleo-Indians: Clovis and Others
	Later Hunters and Gatherers
	Plains Hunters
	The Desert West
	Eastern North America
	Specialized Foraging Societies in Central and South America
	Aleuts and Inuit (Eskimo)
Chapter 7: After the Ice: Before 10,000 b.c. to Modern Times
	The Holocene (After 10,000 b.c.)
	Coping with Environmental Variation
	Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
	Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia
	Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
	Hunter-Gatherer Societies in Southwest Asia
PART III: FIRST FARMERS:
c. 10,000 b.c. to Modern Times
Chapter 8: Agriculture and Animal Domestication
	Theories About the Origins of Food Production
	Differing Dates for Food Production
	Studying Early Food Production
	Why Did Food Production Take Hold So Late?
	Consequences of Food Production
	Nutrition and Early Food Production
	Herding: Domestication of Animals
	Plant Cultivation
	Technology and Domestication
Chapter 9: The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia
	Climate Change and Adaptation
	The First Farmers
	The Zagros and Mesopotamia
	Early Farmers in Anatolia
	Two Stages of Farming Development
Chapter 10: The First European Farmers
	Mesolithic Prelude
	The Transition to Farming in Europe
	Farming in Greece and Southern Europe
	The Spread of Agriculture into Temperate Europe
	Frontiers and Transitions
	Social Changes, Lineages, and the Individual
	The Introduction of the Plow
	Plains Farmers: Tripolye
	Mediterranean and Western Europe
	The Megaliths
Chapter 11: First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa
	Hunter-Gatherers on the Nile
	Agricultural Origins Along the Nile
	Saharan Pastoralists
	Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter 12: Asia and the Pacific: Rice, Roots, and Ocean Voyages
	The Origins of Rice Cultivation
	Early Farming in China
	Jomon and Early Agriculture in Japan
	Early Agriculture in Southeast Asia
	Rice and Root Cultivation in Island Southeast Asia
	Agriculture in the Pacific Islands
	The Lapita Cultural Complex and the Settlement of Melanesia and Western Polynesia
	Long-Distance Voyaging in the Pacific
	Indigenous Pacific Navigation
	The Settlement of Micronesia and Eastern Polynesia
	The Settlement of New Zealand
Chapter 13: The Story of Maize: Early Farmers in the Americas
	The First Plant Domestication
	Early Food Production in the Andes
	Early Farmers in Southwestern North America
	Preagricultural and Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America
	Moundbuilder Cultures
	Human Settlement in the Caribbean
PART IV: OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS:
c. 3000 b.c. to Modern Times
Chapter 14: The Development of Civilization
	Civilization
	Cities
	Six Classic Theories of the Emergence of States
	Social Theories
	Imploding Civilizations
Chapter 15: Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia
	Upland Villages
	Settlement of the Lowlands
	Uruk: The Mesopotamian City
	Sumerian Civilization
	Exchange on the Iranian Plateau
	The Widening of Political Authority
	The Akkadians
	Babylon
	The Assyrians
Chapter 16: Egypt, Nubia, and Tropical Africa
	The Origins of the Egyptian State
	Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Great Culture (2920 to 2575 b.c.)
	The Old Kingdom and the Pyramids(c. 2575 to 2180 b.c.)
	The Egyptian State
	The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (2180 to 1640 b.c.)
	The Second Intermediate Period (1640 to 1530 b.c.)
	The New Kingdom (1530 to 1070 b.c.)
	The Late Period (1070 to 332 b.c.)
	Egypt and Africa
	Nubia: The Land of Kush
	Meroe and Aksum
	North Africa
	Jenne-jeno and the Rise of West African States
	Farmers and Traders in Eastern and Southern Africa
	Europe and Africa
Chapter 17: Early States in South and Southeast Asia
	The Roots of South Asian Civilization
	Highlands and Lowlands: The Kulli Complex
	A Rapid Transition
	Mature Indus Civilization
	Indus Civilization Beliefs
	South Asia after the Indus Civilization
	Southeast Asian States
	The Angkor State (a.d. 802 to 1430)
Chapter 18: Early Chinese Civilization
	The Origins of Chinese Civilization
	Erlitou: Xia and Shang
	The Warlords
Chapter 19: Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans
	Early Towns in Anatolia
	Balance of Power: The Hittites
	The Sea Peoples and the Rise of Israel
	The Phoenicians
	The Aegean and Greece
	The Minoans
	The Mycenaeans
	Greek City-States After Mycenae
	The Etruscans and the Romans
Chapter 20: Europe Before the Romans
	Early Copper Working
	Battle Axes and Beakers
	The European Bronze Age
	Bronze Age Warriors
	The Scythians and Other Steppe Peoples
	The First Ironworking
	The Hallstatt Culture
	La Tène Culture
PART V: NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS:
Before 2000 b.c. to a.d. 1534
Chapter 21: Mesoamerican Civilizations
	Village Farming
	Preclassic Peoples in Mesoamerica
	The Rise of Complex Society in Oaxaca
	Monte Albán
	Teotihuacán
	Maya Civilization
	The Ninth-Century Collapse
	The Toltecs
	Aztec Civilization and the Spanish Conquest
Chapter 22: Andean Civilizations
	The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
	Coastal Foundations: The Initial Period
	Caral
	Chavín de Huántar
	Paracas: Textiles and Coastal Prehistory
	Complex Society in the Southern Highlands: Chiripa and Pukara
	The Early Intermediate Period
	The Moche State
	The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari
	The Late Intermediate Period: Sicán and Chimor
	The Late Horizon: The Inca State
	Amazonia
	The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)
Glossary of Technical Terms
Bibliography of World Prehistory
Credits
Index