Pensions at a Glance Asia_Pacif - OECD

Table of Contents
Executive Summary
	Table 1. Pensions in Asia/Pacific
	Figure 1. Replacement rates
	Figure 2. Expected time in retirement
	Figure 3. Required contribution rates
	Figure 4. Pension coverage
Introduction
Overview of Retirement-income Systems
	Table 2. Structure of pension systems
	References
Methodology and Structure of the Report
	Future entitlements under today’s parameters and rules
	Career length
	Coverage
	Economic variables
		Table 3. Average annual earnings
	Taxes and social security contributions
	Average earnings
Part I. Comparing Pension Policies
	Key Features of Pension-System Design
		First-tier, redistributive schemes
		Second-tier, insurance schemes
		Defined-contribution plans
		Valorisation
		Ceilings on pensionable earnings
		Pension eligibility ages
		Indexation of pension-system parameters
			Summary of pension-scheme parameters and rules
	Chapter 1. Retirement-income Indicators
		Gross replacement rates
			Gross replacement rates by earnings
		Net replacement rates
			Net replacement rates by earnings
		Gross replacement rates with entry at age 30
			Gross replacement rates by earnings: entry at age 30
		Gross pension wealth
			Gross pension wealth by sex and earnings
		Net pension wealth
			Net pension wealth by sex and earnings
			Gross versus net pension wealth by sex, average earner
		Pension-earnings link
			The link between pre-retirement earnings and pension entitlements
		Coverage
			Coverage of mandatory pension schemes by population and labour force
		Life expectancy
			Life expectancy at birth, in years, men and women, in 2005-10
			Life expectancy at age 65, in years, men and women, in 2005-10 and 2045-50
		Support ratio
			Old-age support ratio in 2010 and 2050
			Pensioner population projections
Part II. Economy Studies
	Introduction
		Additional Asia specific information
	China
		China: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Basic
			Defined contribution (funded or notional accounts)
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Pension modelling results: China
			Alternative economic and career length assumptions
			Economy specific assumptions
	Hong Kong
		Hong Kong: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Defined contribution
			Targeted/Basic
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Hong Kong
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
	Indonesia
		Indonesia: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Defined-contribution
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Indonesia
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Malaysia
		Malaysia: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Defined contribution
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
		Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Malaysia
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Philippines
		Philippines: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Basic
			Earnings-related
			Minimum
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
				Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
				Pension modelling results: Philippines
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Singapore
		Singapore: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Defined-contribution
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Singapore
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
	Thailand
		Thailand: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Earnings-related
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Thailand
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Viet Nam
		Viet Nam: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Earnings-related
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Viet Nam
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	India
		India: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Employees Provident Fund Scheme (EPF)
			Employees Pension Scheme (EPS)
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: India
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Pakistan
		Pakistan: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Earnings-related
			Minimum pension
			Earnings-related pension for civil servants
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Pakistan
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions
	Sri Lanka
		Sri Lanka: pension system in 2008
		Key indicators
		Qualifying conditions
		Benefit calculation
			Defined contribution
		Variant careers
			Early retirement
			Late retirement
		Personal income tax and social security contributions
			Taxation of workers
			Taxation of worker’s income
			Social security contributions payable by workers
			Taxation of pensioners
			Taxation of pension income
			Social security contributions payable by pensioners
				Pension modelling results: Sri Lanka
				Alternative economic and career length assumptions
				Economy specific assumptions