Peer Prejudice and Discrimination: The Origins of Prejudice

Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
1 The Nature of Prejudice......Page 18
Definitions of Prejudice and Attitudes......Page 19
Definition of Discrimination......Page 23
Relationship Between Prejudice and Behavior......Page 24
Stereotypes......Page 25
Stigmas......Page 30
Untouchability and the Consequences of Being Stigmatized......Page 33
Psychological Consequences of African-American Slavery......Page 36
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination: Individual and Cultural/Historical Influences......Page 37
The Authoritarian Personality......Page 40
Patriarchy and Female Socialization......Page 44
The Present Theoretical View......Page 48
Summary......Page 50
Plan of the Book......Page 52
2 An Evolutionary Model for the Development of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 56
Canalization......Page 57
Genes, Mind, and Culture......Page 58
Behavior Genetics......Page 63
The Primate Heritage......Page 65
Old World Monkeys and Apes......Page 66
The Hunter-Gatherer Heritage......Page 68
Inclusive Fitness......Page 70
Authority-Bearing Systems......Page 72
Intergroup Hostility—Heritage From the Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans......Page 77
Gene Flow and Outgroup Attractiveness......Page 80
Identification of Tribe Members and Multigroup Membership......Page 84
Development of a Group Identity......Page 86
Intergroup Behavior......Page 91
Hunter-Gatherer Minds Revisited......Page 95
Summary......Page 97
3 Discrimination Toward Deaf Individuals......Page 100
Prejudice......Page 101
Discrimination......Page 103
Overview of the Cultural and Historical Bases of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 106
Brief Educational History of American Deaf Children......Page 107
Development of Discrimination Toward Deaf Individuals......Page 115
Summary......Page 124
4 Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Mentally Retarded Individuals......Page 127
Brief Educational History of American Children With Mental Retardation......Page 128
Development of Prejudice Toward People With Mental Retardation......Page 135
Development of Discrimination Toward People With Mental Retardation......Page 140
Summary......Page 147
5 Prejudice and Discrimination Against the Opposite Sex......Page 150
Brief Cultural History of the Role of Females in American Society......Page 151
Antecedents of Opposite-Sex Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 159
Genetic/Evolutionary Predispositions......Page 160
Cultural Norms......Page 161
Socialization of Sex-Typing......Page 162
Parents' Socialization of Sex-Typing......Page 165
Influence of Family Type on Socialization......Page 168
Influence of Peers and Teachers on Socialization......Page 171
Indirect Measures......Page 173
Direct Measures......Page 176
Development of Opposite-Sex Discrimination......Page 181
Summary......Page 185
6 A Cultural History of African Americans......Page 188
Brief Cultural History of African Americans......Page 189
Brown v. Board of Education......Page 199
Development of Ethnic Identity......Page 202
Comparisons Among the Histories......Page 209
Summary......Page 212
7 Race Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 215
Development of Race Prejudice......Page 216
White Children and Adolescents......Page 217
Black Children and Adolescents......Page 219
Development of Race Discrimination......Page 220
Behavioral Observations......Page 221
Self-Reports......Page 225
Sociometric Experiments......Page 226
Comparison of Prejudice and Discrimination of the Target Groups......Page 230
Summary......Page 233
Introduction......Page 236
Predictions......Page 238
Contact Theory......Page 239
Lewinian Theory......Page 240
Measures Employed......Page 241
Desegregation......Page 242
The Studies......Page 243
Lewinian Theory......Page 248
Mainstreaming......Page 249
The Prejudice and Discrimination Studies......Page 250
The Social and Academic Skill Studies......Page 253
Contact Theory......Page 254
Cooperative Interaction......Page 255
The Studies......Page 256
Racial and Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 259
Discrimination Toward the Disabled......Page 262
Lewinian Theory......Page 264
The Studies......Page 265
Contact Theory......Page 267
Role-Playing Simulations......Page 268
The Studies......Page 269
Contact Theory......Page 270
Individuation and Self-Acceptance......Page 271
Research on Adults......Page 272
Individuation of Others......Page 273
A Multiple Factor Approach......Page 275
Summary......Page 277
9 Parents, Peers, and Personality......Page 280
Parental Influences on Children's Prejudice......Page 281
Peer Influences on Children's Prejudice......Page 285
Religious Beliefs and Practices......Page 289
Right-Wing Authoritarianism......Page 294
Social Dominance Orientation......Page 297
Humanitarianism-Egalitarianism......Page 300
Summary......Page 302
Dominant and Subordinate Groups......Page 305
Cultural Change......Page 307
Genetic/Evolutionary Predispositions......Page 309
Development of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 311
Modifying Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 313
Parents, Peers, and Personality......Page 315
A Final Note......Page 316
References......Page 318
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