Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Reviewers
Chapter 1 Growth Assessment
	Infant Growth
	Childhood Growth
	Adolescent Growth
	Measurement of Growth
		Weight
		Length and Height
		Head Circumference
		Body Mass Index (BMI)
		Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
	Additional Growth Measurements
		Skinfold Thickness
		Handgrip Strength
	Interpreting Growth Measurements
		Standard Growth Charts
		WHO vs. CDC Growth Charts
		Specialty Growth Charts
		Z-Scores
	Additional Growth Assessment Tools
		Mid-Parental Height
		Ideal Body Weight
		Weight Age and Height Age
	Diagnosis of Underweight and Overweight
	Bibliography
Chapter 2 Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
	Performing a Head-to-Toe Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
	Examination of the Head and Face
	Examination of the Upper Body
	Examination of the Upper Back (Muscle)
		Exam Tips for the Upper Back
	Examination of the Ribs/Midaxillary Line (Fat)
		Examination Tips for Ribs/Midaxillary Line
	Examination of Lower Extremities (Muscle)
	Examination of Lower Extremities (Fat)
		Examination Tips for Lower Extremities
	Examination for Nutrient Deficiencies
	Bibliography
Chapter 3 Nutrition Screening and ADIME
	Nutrition Screening
		Pediatric Nutrition Screening Tools
	Nutrition Assessment
		Medical Diagnosis
			Acute/Critical Illness
			Typical Developmental Abilities
		Food/Nutrition History
			Typical Eating/Feeding Behaviors for Age
			Nutrient Intake
		Anthropometrics
		Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
		Biochemical Data/Tests/Procedures
		Other Consideration in Nutrition Assessment
			Medications and Side Effects
			Gastrointestinal Considerations/Findings
	Nutrition Diagnosis
	Nutrition Intervention
		Nutrition Prescription
			Energy
			Protein
			Fluids
			Vitamins and Minerals
		Nutrition Intervention in Pediatrics
	Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 4 Fetal Development and Maternal Diet
	Overview of Fetal Growth and Development
		Fetal Development
			Oral Feeding Skills
	Maternal Nutrition Status and Impact on Fetal Development
		Nutrition Assessment
			Maternal Weight Gain
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
			Special Considerations
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 5 Infant Nutrition
	Stages of Infant Development and Expected Feeding Milestones
	Human Milk
		Energy
		Fat
		Protein
		Carbohydrates
		Micronutrients
			Iron
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin B[sub(12)]
		Benefits of Feeding Human Milk
		Common Human Milk Feeding Issues
		Expressed Human Milk
	Infant Formula
	Food Introduction
		Baby-Led Weaning
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 6 Nutrition in the Older Child
	Toddlers
	Preschoolers
		Picky Eaters
		Pediatric Feeding Disorder
	School-Aged Children
	Adolescents
	Division of Feeding Responsibility
	MyPlate
	National School Lunch Program
	Common Nutrients of Concern
	Beverages
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
		Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 7 Enteral and Parenteral Devices
	Enteral Access Devices
		Short-Term Enteral Access Devices
		Long-Term Enteral Access Devices
			Balloon Versus Non-Balloon Enteral Access Devices
			High-Profile Versus Low-Profile Enteral Access Devices
			Gastric Versus Trans-Pyloric Enteral Access Devices
		Enteral Access Device Issues and Recommended Troubleshooting
			Leakage at Gastrostomy Site
			Granulation Tissue at Gastrostomy Site
			Clogged Enteral Access Devices
			Dislodgement of Enteral Access Devices
	Parenteral Access Devices
		Types of Central Lines and Indications for Each Type
			Preventing Central Vascular Catheter infections
			What Is the Difference between CRBSI and CLABSI?
			Managing Central Venous Catheter Occlusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 8 Enteral Nutrition
	Indication and Administration of Enteral Nutrition
		Enteral Nutrition Access
		Administration
		Formula Selection
			Blenderized Tube Feedings
		Initiation and Progression of Enteral Nutrition
		Formula Safety
	Enteral Nutrition in Infants
	Enteral Nutrition in Children and Adolescents
	Monitoring and Managing Complications
	Advancing to Oral Feedings
	Bibliography
Chapter 9 Parenteral Nutrition
	Indications for PN
	Timing of PN Initiation
	Contraindications
	Writing the PN Prescription
		Fluids
		Energy
		Macronutrients
			Carbohydrates
			Amino Acids
			Fat
			Types of Lipid Injectable Emulsions
		Electrolytes
		Vitamin Preparations
		Trace Elements
		Other PN Additives
			Carnitine
			Heparin
			Medications
	Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
		Mechanical Complications
		Metabolic Complications
		Infectious Complications
	Monitoring and Evaluation
		Transitioning to Enteral or Oral Feedings
	Bibliography
Chapter 10 Malnutrition
	Impact of Malnutrition
		Impacts on Linear Growth
		Development
		Other Consequences
	Diagnosing Pediatric Malnutrition
		Mechanisms of Malnutrition
		Malnutrition Documentation
			Other Diagnostic Considerations
	Correcting Malnutrition
		Nutrition Prescription
		Infants
		Children and Adolescents
	Monitoring and Evaluation
		Expected Weight Gain
		Other Anthropometric Measurements
		Long-Term Monitoring
	Bibliography
Chapter 11 Care of the Hospitalized Child
	Common Medical Conditions That Affect Nutrient Intake
		Bronchiolitis
		Acute Gastroenteritis
		Surgical Patients
	Initiating Feedings in the Hospital Setting
		Oral Feeding Considerations
		Enteral Feeding Considerations
		Parenteral Nutrition Considerations
	Nutrition Management of Hospitalized Children
		Nutrition Assessment
			Anthropometric Measurements
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
			Nutrient Intake
			Common Medications and Drug-Nutrient Interactions
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
		Nutrition Prescription
			Oral Feedings
			Enteral Nutrition
			Parenteral Nutrition
			Nutrition Education
			Laboratory Monitoring
			Supplements
			Other Specialty Referrals
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 12 Care of the Premature and Ill Neonate
	Common Medical Conditions That Affect Nutrient Intake
	Initiating Feedings
		Parenteral Nutrition
		Enteral Nutrition
		Oral Nutrition
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Anthropometric Measurements and Growth Charts
			Nutrient Intake
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 13 Care of the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient
	Metabolic Response to Stress
	Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Nutrition Delivery
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Patient-Specific Conditions
	Bibliography
Chapter 14 Cardiac Disease
	Anatomy, Physiology, and Relationship to Nutrition and Growth
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 15 Food Allergy
	IgE-Mediated Food Allergy
		Oral Allergy Syndrome or Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome
	Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergies
		Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
		Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis
		Food Protein-Induced Enteropathy
		Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases
	Nutrition Management of Food Allergies
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Nutrition Intervention
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 16 Gastrointestinal Disease
	Common Gastrointestinal (GI) Diseases in Children
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Eosinophilic Esophagitis
		Constipation
		Chronic and Recurrent Diarrhea Secondary to Carbohydrate Malabsorption
			Lactose Intolerance
			Fructose Intolerance
			Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency
		Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Diet Therapies for IBD
		Gastroparesis
		Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome
	Nutrition Management of GI Diseases
		Nutrition Assessment
			Nutrition Assessment of Elimination Diets
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Education
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 17 Intestinal Failure
	Intestinal Adaptation
		The Role of Nutrition in Management of Intestinal Failure
	Non-Nutritional Management of Intestinal Failure
		Medical Interventions
		Surgical Interventions
		Expected Clinical Course
	Nutrition Management of Intestinal Failure
		Nutrition Assessment
			Anatomical Considerations
			Anthropometric Measurements
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
			Laboratory Evaluation
			Intake/Output Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Enteral Nutrition
			Oral Feeding
			Parenteral Nutrition
			Nutrition Education
			Specialty Referrals
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
			Lab Monitoring
			Symptom Monitoring
	Bibliography
Chapter 18 Chronic Liver Disease
	Cholestatic Liver Diseases
		Biliary Atresia
		Alagille Syndrome
		Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
		Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
	Other Pediatric Liver Diseases
		Autoimmune Liver Disease – Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
		Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease (CFLD)
		Glycogen Storage Disease
		Wilson’s Disease
		Acute Liver Failure
		Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency
			Specific Diagnoses and Effect on Nutrition
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam (NFPE) Findings
			Nutrient Intake
			Laboratory Monitoring
			Gastrointestinal Findings
			Medications and Side Effects
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Cholestatic Liver Diseases
			Cirrhosis
			Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease
			Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)
			Wilson’s Disease
			Acute Liver Failure
			Post-Liver Transplantation
			NAFLD
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 19 Cystic Fibrosis and Pancreatic Disease
	Cystic Fibrosis
	Acute Pancreatitis
	Chronic Pancreatitis and Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Growth Charts
			Nutrition Considerations for Specific Diagnoses
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
			Nutrient Intake
			Laboratory Monitoring
			Gastrointestinal Findings
			Medications and Side Effects
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 20 Renal Disease
	Acute Kidney Injury
	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
	Kidney Replacement Therapy
		Chronic Dialysis
		Kidney Transplantation
	Nephrotic Syndrome
	Nephrolithiasis
	Renal Tubular Disorders
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Anthropometrics
			Protein-Energy Wasting
			Laboratory Assessment
			Dietary Intake
			Gastrointestinal Findings
			Medications
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Specific Diagnoses and Effects of Nutrition Intervention
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 21 Care of Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs
	CYSHCN and Nutrition Care
		Common Nutrition Issues
		Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) and CYSHCN
	Nutrition Management for CYSHCN
		Nutrition Assessment
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
			Anthropometrics
			Condition-Specific Growth Charts
		Obtaining Nutrition History
			Laboratory Monitoring
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Prescription
			Energy
			Protein
			Fluid
			Micronutrients
		Nutrition Intervention
			Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy
			Coordinating with the Multidisciplinary Team
		Partnering with CYSHCN and Their Families
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Transition of Care
	Ethical Considerations When Working with CSHCN
		Discordance between Caregivers and the Dietitian
		Growth Attenuation Therapy
		End of Life Care/Alternate Goals of Care
	Bibliography
Chapter 22 Adolescent Medicine
	Eating Disorders
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia Nervosa
			Binge-Eating Disorder
			Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
			Other Specified Feeding and/or Eating Disorder
			Orthorexia
	Sports Nutrition
		Female Athlete Triad/ Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Diagnosis of Eating Disorders
			Anthropometric Measurements and Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
			Laboratory Evaluation and Further Testing
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Treatment Options
			Refeeding Syndrome
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
		Expected Course and Prognosis for Youth with Eating Disorders
	Bibliography
Chapter 23 Inborn Errors of Metabolism
	Pathophysiology and Presentation
		Newborn Screening, Diagnosis, and Initiation of Treatment
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Anthropometric Measurements
			Dietary and Laboratory Assessment
			Social and Family Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Education
			Other Specialty Referrals
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Phenylketonuria
		Dietary Intervention at Diagnosis
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Nutrition Management
			Medical Food
			The PKU Diet
			Diet during Illness
			Nutrition Assessment
		Medications
		Large Neutral Amino Acids Transporters
		Expected Clinical Course
		Maternal PKU
	Galactosemia
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Dietary Interventions at Diagnosis
		Nutrition Management
			Nutrition Assessment
		Medications
		Expected Clinical Course
	Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Nutrition Management
			Avoiding Fasting
		Fat Content and Diet Composition
			Nutrition during Acute Illness
			Nutrition Assessment
		New Therapies
		Medications
	Urea Cycle Disorders
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Expected Clinical Course
		Nutrition Management
			Treatment of Hyperammonemic Crisis
			Long-Term Nutrition Management
			Sick-Day Diet
			Nutrition Assessment
		Laboratory Monitoring
	Glycogen Storage Disorders
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Expected Clinical Course
		Nutrition Management
			Infancy
		Long-Term Dietary Management
			Uncooked Cornstarch
			Nutrition Assessment
		Medical and Surgical Interventions
		Laboratory Monitoring
		Other Specialty Referrals
	Bibliography
Chapter 24 Endocrine Disorders
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Diabetes Insipidus
	Steroid-Induced Hyperglycemia
	Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
	Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
	Short Stature
	Transgender Health
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription for Patients with Diabetes
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Diabetes
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Diabetes Insipidus
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Steroid-Induced Hyperglycemia
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
			Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Short Stature
			Special Considerations for Transgender Patients
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 25 Obesity and Lipid Disorders
	Pathophysiology
		Increased Energy Consumption
		Decreased Energy Expenditure
		Psychosocial
		Genetics
		Hormones
		Early-Life Risk Factors
		Weight Stigma
	Treatment of Obesity
		Lifestyle Modification
		Pharmacotherapy
		Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
	Co-morbidities of Obesity
		Hyperlipidemia
		Acquired Hypertriglyceridemia
		Other Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Assessment
			Growth Chart
			Nutrient Intake
			Physical Activity/Screen Time Assessment
			Sleep Patterns
			Common Physical Exam and Laboratory Findings
			Laboratory Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
			Follow-Up Frequency/Contact Time
			Adherence
			Anthropometrics
	Bibliography
Chapter 26 Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
	Nutrition Management
		Nutrition Screening
		Nutrition Assessment
			Treatment Types and Complications
			Food-and Nutrition-Related History
			Anthropometrics
		Biochemical Data, Medical Tests, and Procedures
			Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
			Medications
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
			Nutrition Prescription
			Common Nutrition Interventions
		Hybrid Nutrition Support
		Nutrition Education
		Vitamins and Minerals
		Coordination of Nutrition Care
		Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Chapter 27 Restricted Diets
	Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
	Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet
	Paleolithic Diet
	Ketogenic Diet
	Intermittent Fasting
	Autoimmune Diet
	Nutrition Management of Restricted Diets
		Nutrition Assessment
		Nutrition Diagnosis
		Nutrition Intervention
		Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
	Bibliography
Appendix A: Standard Growth Charts
Appendix B: Tanner Staging
Appendix C: Reference Data for Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Appendix D: Common Nutrition Diagnoses Utilized for Pediatric Patients
Appendix E: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Infants, Children, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Appendix F: Example ADIME Notes
Index