Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children and Their Families

Cover
......Page 1
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 2
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 19
Reviewers......Page 22
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 28
About the Authors......Page 29
How to Use this Text......Page 31
How to Use Studyware......Page 40
Unit 1 Pediatric Nursing in a Changing Society......Page 43
Ch 1: Overview of Pediatric Nursing......Page 45
Societal Trends Impacting Children......Page 47
Current Status of Children's Health......Page 53
Perspectives on Pediatric Nursing......Page 57
Meeting the Challenges of the
21st Century......Page 64
Ch 2: Legal and Ethical Issues......Page 71
Informed Consent and Assent for Health Care......Page 72
Obtaining Informed Consent Under Special
Circumstances......Page 75
Confidentiality......Page 76
Malpractice in the Pediatric Setting......Page 78
Legal Resources for Pediatric Nurses......Page 79
Concepts of Ethics......Page 80
Professional Codes of Ethics......Page 81
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 82
Ethics Councils......Page 88
Future Implications for Pediatric Nursing......Page 89
Ch 3: The Child in Context of the Family......Page 99
Definition of the Family
......Page 100
Theoretical Foundations of Family Nursing......Page 101
Family Assessment......Page 108
Family Structure......Page 110
Cultural Influences on the Family......Page 116
Parenting......Page 118
Special Parenting Situations......Page 122
Implications for Nursing......Page 129
Ch 4: Community and Home Health Nursing......Page 137
Community Health Nursing......Page 138
Home Health Nursing......Page 145
Ch 5: School Nursing......Page 161
History of School Nursing......Page 162
School Health Services......Page 165
Health Education and Promotion......Page 177
Psychological Services......Page 185
Children with Unique Health Concerns......Page 187
School Nursing Today......Page 191
Unit 2 Growth and Development of Children......Page 197
Ch 6: Theoretical Approaches to the Growth and Development of Children......Page 199
Principles of Growth and Development......Page 200
Themes of Human Development......Page 202
Theories of Human Development......Page 205
Conclusion......Page 227
Ch 7: Growth and Development of the Newborn......Page 233
Extrauterine Transition......Page 234
Physiological Development......Page 235
Cognitive Development......Page 247
Health Promotion and Maintenance......Page 249
Anticipatory Guidance......Page 250
Nurse's Role in Fostering Healthy Newborns......Page 255
The High-Risk Newborn......Page 258
Care of the High-Risk Newborn......Page 262
Ch 8: Growth and Development of the Infant......Page 269
Physiological Development......Page 270
Psychosexual Development......Page 274
Psychosocial Development......Page 275
Cognitive Development......Page 276
Health Promotion......Page 278
Ch 9: Growth and Development of the Toddler......Page 315
Physiological Development......Page 316
Psychosexual Development......Page 319
Psychosocial Development......Page 322
Cognitive Development......Page 323
Health Promotion......Page 324
Ch 10: Growth and Development of the Preschooler......Page 349
Physiological Development......Page 350
Psychosexual Development......Page 354
Psychosocial Development......Page 355
Cognitive Development......Page 357
Moral and Spiritual Development......Page 358
Health Promotion......Page 359
Ch 11: Growth and Development of the School-Age Child......Page 373
Physiological Development......Page 374
Psychosexual Development......Page 375
Psychosocial Development......Page 376
Cognitive Development......Page 377
Moral Development......Page 378
Health Promotion and Maintenance......Page 380
Nurse's Role in Fostering Healthy School-Age Children......Page 392
Ch 12: Growth and Development of the Adolescent......Page 399
Physiological Development......Page 400
Psychosexual Development......Page 406
Psychosocial Development......Page 408
Cognitive Development......Page 411
Moral Development......Page 415
Adolescents in Context......Page 416
Health Promotion......Page 429
Unit 3 Unique Considerations in Children......Page 449
Ch 13: Child and Family Communication......Page 451
The Communication Process......Page 452
Nurse, Child, and Family Communication......Page 454
Developmental Factors Affecting
Communication......Page 460
Cultural Impact on Communication......Page 466
Communicating with Children with
Special Needs......Page 468
Ch 14: Pediatric Assessment......Page 475
Health History......Page 476
Nutritional Assessment......Page 478
Developmental Assessment......Page 481
Ch 15: Infectious Diseases......Page 511
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 512
Developmental Stages and the
Risk of Infection......Page 513
Infectious Diseases in Day Care and School
Settings......Page 516
Immunizations......Page 518
Nursing Management......Page 523
Future Directions......Page 533
Ch 16: Care of Children Who are Hospitalized......Page 549
History and Trends In Pediatrics and
Pediatric Nursing......Page 550
Experiences of Children in Hospitals and Their Responses......Page 552
Alleviating the Anxieties of Children......Page 554
Major Factors in Support of Coping
During Illness and Hospitalization......Page 555
Preparation of Children and Families
for Hospitalization......Page 564
Care of Children During Admission
to a Hospital......Page 565
Preparation of Children and Their Families
for Surgery......Page 566
Facilitating Coping with Experiences of
Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures......Page 568
Communicating with Children and
Families......Page 569
Nursing Care and Guidance of Infants......Page 570
Nursing Care and Guidance of Toddlers......Page 572
Nursing Care and Guidance of Preschool
Children......Page 574
Nursing Care and Guidance of
School-Age Children......Page 577
Nursing Care and Guidance of Adolescents......Page 580
Expectations and Needs of Caregivers
During Hospitalization of Children......Page 582
Emergency Care......Page 583
Home Care......Page 584
Preparation for Clinical Nursing in the
Care of Children and Their Families......Page 585
Trends and Challenges
in Pediatric Nursing Practice......Page 586
Ch 17: Chronic Conditions......Page 597
Dimensions of Childhood Chronic Conditions......Page 598
Living with Chronic Conditions......Page 599
Societal Issues......Page 612
Nursing Management of Children with
Chronic Conditions......Page 613
Ch 18: Pain Management......Page 623
Pain Physiology......Page 624
Child Development and Pain......Page 625
Pain Assessment......Page 628
Management of Acute Pain......Page 632
Home Care of the Child in Pain......Page 642
Ch 19: Medication Administration......Page 649
Physiological Considerations......Page 650
Developmental Considerations......Page 653
Medication Administration......Page 654
Ch 20: Loss and Bereavement......Page 671
Situations Leading to Loss......Page 672
Children's Awareness of Death......Page 674
Grief and Bereavement......Page 676
Understanding How Children React to Loss......Page 677
Children's Responses to Death......Page 679
Disasters or Traumatic Events......Page 681
Reactions of Family to a Child with a
Life-Threatening or Terminal Illness......Page 684
Decisions About Hospice......Page 686
Care for Nurses Working with
Terminally Ill Children......Page 687
The Nurse and Terminally Ill Child......Page 688
Unit 4 Alterations in Nutrition and Elimination......Page 695
Ch 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Alterations......Page 697
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 698
Electrolyte Imbalances......Page 699
Acid-Base Balance and Imbalance......Page 703
Dehydration and Hypovolemia......Page 706
Acute Gastroenteritis......Page 712
Edema......Page 717
Burns......Page 718
Ch 22: Genitourinary Alterations......Page 739
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 740
Urinary Tract Infection......Page 741
Enuresis......Page 744
Structural Defects......Page 751
Acute Glomerulonephritis......Page 757
Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 758
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome......Page 765
Renal Failure......Page 767
Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex......Page 773
Ch 23: Gastrointestinal Alterations......Page 781
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 782
Upper Gastrointestinal Alterations......Page 783
Lower Gastrointestinal Alterations......Page 794
Alterations in Motility......Page 798
Inflammatory Disorders......Page 802
Malabsorption Alterations......Page 813
Poisoning......Page 814
Lead Poisoning......Page 817
Hepatic Alterations......Page 818
Additional Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 820
Unit 5 Alterations in Oxygen Transport......Page 831
Ch 24: Respiratory Alterations......Page 833
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 834
The Child with Respiratory Difficulty......Page 835
Common Acute Respiratory Alterations......Page 836
Common Chronic Respiratory Alterations......Page 850
Less Common Respiratory Alterations......Page 871
Additional Respiratory Alterations......Page 877
Prevention of Respiratory Alterations......Page 878
Ch 25: Cardiovascular Alterations......Page 887
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 888
Assessment of the Child with a
Cardiovascular Alteration......Page 891
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 897
Congenital Heart Defects......Page 906
Acquired Heart Disease......Page 924
Hypertension......Page 932
Heart Transplantation......Page 933
Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 935
Shock......Page 938
Psychosocial Issues for Children with
Heart Disease......Page 943
Ch 26: Hematological Alterations......Page 953
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 954
Anemia......Page 955
Disorders of Coagulation......Page 973
Unit 6 Alterations in Protective Mechanisms......Page 991
Ch 27: Immunologic Alterations......Page 993
Brief Overview of Immune System Function......Page 994
Rheumatological Autoimmune
Inflammatory Diseases......Page 996
Human Immunodeficienty Virus (HIV)......Page 1006
Allergic Reactions to Medications......Page 1017
Ch 28: Endocrine Alterations......Page 1025
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1026
Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary......Page 1028
Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary......Page 1032
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland......Page 1034
Disorders of the Adrenal Gland......Page 1041
Disorders of the Pancreas......Page 1043
Additional Endocrine Disorders......Page 1058
Ch 29: Cellular Alterations......Page 1065
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1066
Treatment Modalities......Page 1067
Leukemia......Page 1089
Brain Tumors......Page 1093
Lymphomas......Page 1097
Neuroblastoma......Page 1099
Wilms' Tumor......Page 1101
Bone Tumors......Page 1107
Soft-Tissue Sarcoma......Page 1109
Retinoblastoma......Page 1110
Late Effects of Cancer Therapy......Page 1111
Challenges of the Pediatric Oncology Nurse......Page 1113
Ch 30: Integumentary Alterations......Page 1121
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1122
Bacterial Infections......Page 1125
Fungal Infections......Page 1129
Viral Infections......Page 1138
Infestations......Page 1145
Dermatitis......Page 1152
Bites and Stings......Page 1171
Sunburn......Page 1178
Unit 7 Alterations in Sensorimotor Function......Page 1189
Ch 31: Sensory Alterations......Page 1191
Speech and Language......Page 1192
Hearing Impairment......Page 1197
Vision Impairment......Page 1210
Ch 32: Neurological Alterations......Page 1235
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1236
Clinical Manifestations and Assessment
of Altered Neurological Status......Page 1238
Diagnostics......Page 1240
General Nursing Issues......Page 1241
Seizures......Page 1242
Structural Abnormalities......Page 1248
Infections......Page 1263
Neurological Injuries......Page 1272
Cerebral Palsy......Page 1290
Headaches......Page 1293
Ch 33: Cognitive Alterations......Page 1303
Mental Retardation......Page 1304
Down Syndrome......Page 1313
The Autistic Spectrum Disorders......Page 1317
Fragile X Syndrome......Page 1325
Additional Cognitive Alterations......Page 1327
Ch 34: Musculoskeletal Alterations......Page 1335
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1336
Musculoskeletal Injuries......Page 1337
Infectious Disorders......Page 1354
Congenital Disorders......Page 1358
Growth-Related Disorders......Page 1365
Additional Musculoskeletal Disorders......Page 1377
Unit 8 Other Alterations to Children's Health......Page 1385
Ch 35: Psychosocial Alterations......Page 1387
Treatment Modalities......Page 1388
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 1389
Mood Disorders......Page 1393
Suicide......Page 1397
Anxiety Disorders......Page 1400
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 1403
Substance Abuse......Page 1404
Eating Disorders......Page 1407
Failure to Thrive......Page 1412
Ch 36: Child Abuse and Neglect......Page 1421
Theoretical Approaches to Child Abuse
and Neglect......Page 1423
Types of Child Abuse......Page 1427
Prevention of Child Abuse
and Neglect......Page 1445
Reporting Child Abuse......Page 1447
Appendix A: The Friedman Family
Assessment Model (Short Form)......Page 1455
Appendix B: Physical Growth Charts......Page 1459
Appendix C: Immunization Schedules......Page 1465
Appendix D: Sexual Maturity
Ratings (SMR)......Page 1469
Appendix E: Common Laboratory Tests
and Normal Values......Page 1473
Appendix F: Temperature Equivalents
and Pediatric Weight Conversion......Page 1477
Appendix G: Common NANDA Nursing
Diagnoses for Children and
Their Families......Page 1479
Appendix H: Abbreviations......Page 1483
Glossary......Page 1489
Index......Page 1515