Pediatric Epidemiology

Cover
Front Matter
Contents
Introduction
Ethical Issues in Paediatric Epidemiology
	Abstract
	Ethical Questions of Epidemiological Research on Children
	The Vulnerability of Children as Probands
	Between Health Research and Health Care – Theoretical Basis
	(Institutionalised) Children in the View of Science. A Historical Retrospective of a Vulnerable Group of Probands
	Good Epidemiological Practice – Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research
	References
Epidemiological Studies of Child Maltreatment: Difficulties and Possibilities
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Definitions and Definition Problems
	Research Sources
	Population-Based Surveys
	Specific Topics
	Conclusions
	References
Legislation on Genetic Testing in Different Countries
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The European Union
	Germany
	Switzerland
	France
	The Netherlands
	The United Kingdom
	Portugal
	The United States of America
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
The Dilemma Associated with Incidental Findings
	Abstract
	Incidental Findings and their Influence on Cohort Studies
	The Usefulness versus the Risks of Incidental Findings for Participants
	Frequency and Medical Relevance of Incidental Findings
	Possible Strategy for Dealing with Incidental Findings in Cohort Studies
	References
Challenges and Opportunities in Conducting Research in Developing Countries
	Abstract
	Background
	Relevance of Research to Maternal and Child Health in Developing Countries
	Prioritizing Research Areas and Topics
	Translating Evidence into User-Friendly Communication Product
	Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
How to Recruit a Representative Sample and How to Look for It?
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Ways to Achieve a Representative Gross Sample
	Measures to Achieve Representative Response
	Assessment of and Adjustment for Representativeness
	References
The Epidemiology of Global Child Health
	Abstract
	The Child Survival Revolution
	Determinants of Child Health and Survival
	Equity in Global Child Health
	The Need for Data
	Future Challenges
	References
How to Deal with Proxy-Reports
	Abstract
	Definitions
	Proxy Perspectives
	Proxy Selection
	Quality of the Proxy-Report
	Proxy-Reports and Missing Data
	Proxy-Reports and Information Bias
	Proxy Reports and Confounding
	Self-Reports
	Conclusions
	References
Biology at a Young Age Differs from Biology at Later Ages: Developmental Aspects of Growth and Body Functions in Children and Young Adults
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Age Determination in Children
	Chronological Age Periods in Children
	Gross Anatomy: Organ and Tissue Growth in Children
	Body Size Measures
	Longitudinal Growth Patterns
	Pubertal Development
	Age-Related Biochemical and Physiological Normative Reference Ranges in Children
	References
Basic Epidemiology, Statistics, and Epidemiology Tools and Methods
	Abstract
	Hypotheses
	Study Design
	Data Sources
	Statistical Analyses
	Graphics
	Hypothesis Testing and p Values
	Statistical Software
	Data Protection
	The Concept of Standardization – What SDS Values Are For
	References
How to Deal with Confounding
	Abstract
	Measures of Effect versus Measures of Association
	Terminology
	Criteria for a Confounder
	Visualization of Confounding Using a DAG
	Actions Against Confounding during Data Analysis
	Examples of Confounding in Pediatric Epidemiology
	Conclusion
	References
Author Index
Subject Index