Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Physics Class 10

Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter Insights
Series Chapter Flow
Chapter-1 Kinematics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	FREELY FALLING BODY
		Equations of Motion for a Freely Falling Body
		Equations of Motion for a Body Thrown Vertically Upwards
		Conclusions
		Maximum Height Reached by a Body ProjectedVertically Upwards
		Time of Ascent (ta)
		Time of Descent (td)
		Time of Flight (T)
		Velocity on Reaching the Ground
	TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
	SIGN CONVENTION
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-2
Dynamics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	LINEAR MOMENTUM
		Units of Momentum
		Dimensional Formula
		Change of Linear Momentum
	NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
		Statement
	NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
		Statement
		Derivation
		Alternate Method
		Impulse of a Force
		S.I. Unit of Force
		C.G.S. Unit of Force
		Relation between Newton and Dyne
		Gravitational Unit of Force
	NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
		Statement
	WORK
		Mathematical Expression for Work
		Unit Work
		Special Cases
		Work Done by the Force of Gravity
		Units of Work
	DEFINITION OF JOULE
		Dimensional Formula for Work
		Relation between Joule and Erg
	POWER
		Unit of Power
		Definition
of Watt
	ENERGY
		Unit of Energy
		Heat Energy
		Electrical Energy
		Light Energy
		Sound Energy
		Magnetic Energy
		Chemical Energy
		Nuclear Energy
		Mechanical Energy
		Potential Energy
		Elastic Potential Energy
		Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
		Kinetic Energy
	WORK-DEHI ENERGY THEOREM
		Different Forms of Kinetic Energy
		Relationship between Kinetic Energy and Momentum
	LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
	CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
		Statement
		Application of Law of Conservation of Energy
		Parallel Forces
	MOMENT OF A FORCE
		Unit of Moment of Force
		Dimension Formula of Moment of Force
	PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS OR THEOREM OF MOMENTS
		Statement
		Experiment to Verify the Principle of Moments
		Observation
		Experiment to Find the Weight of a Body Using the Principle of Moments
	COUPLE
		Static Equilibrium
		Centre of Gravity
		Stable Equilibrium
		Unstable Equilibrium
		Neutral Equilibrium
	SIMPLE MACHINE
		Mechanical Advantage (M.A)
		Velocity Ratio
		Efficiency
		Levers
		First-order Lever
		Second-order Levers
		Third-order Lever
		Pulley
		Single Fixed Pulley
		Efficiency
of an Ideal Pulley
		Single Moveable Pulley
		Sheath Pulley System or Block and  Tackle System
		Effect of Weight of Pulleys in Tackle
		Wheel and Axle
		Screw Jack
		Inclined Plane
		Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane When Efforts Acts Parallel  to the Plane
		Experiment to Determine Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane
			Procedure
			Observation
	CIRCULAR MOTION
		Relation between v, r and ω
		Alternative Method
		Angular Momentum
		Period
		Centripetal Force
		Centrifugal Force
		Similarities between Centripetal Force and Centripetal Acceleration
		Application of Centrifugal Force
		Centrifuge
		Laundry Drier or Washing Machine Dryer
		Centrifugal Governor
		Centrifugal Pump
		Banking
		Banking of Roads
		Centrifugal Reaction
	PLANETARY MOTION
	FIRST LAW OF KEPLER
	SECOND LAW OF KEPLER
	THIRD LAW OF KEPLER
	NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
		Statement
		Dimensional Formula of G
		Relation between G and g
		Variation of ‘g’ with Height
		Variation of ‘g’ with Depth
		Variation of ‘g’ with Latitude
	MASS AND WEIGHT
		Measurement of Weight–Spring Balance
		Working Principle of a Spring Balance
		Experiment to Determine Weight of a Body using a Spring
		Rockets
		Multi-stage Rockets
		Satellite
	PRINCIPLE OF ORBITING SATELLITE
		Orbital Velocity (v0)
		Escape Velocity (ve)
		Relation between Orbital Velocity and Escape Velocity
		Uses of Artificial
Satellites
	ISRO
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCET APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-3
Heat
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	HEAT
		Units of Heat
		Heat Capacity
		Factors Affecting Heat Absorbed or Given Out by a Body
		Specific
Heat Capacity
		Units of Specific Heat Capacity
	PRINCIPLE OF MIXTURES
		Calorimeter
		Experiment to Determine Speciἀc Heat Capacity of a Given Solid by  Method of Mixtures
		Sinclair’s Heater
			Calculations
		Measurement of Speciἀc Heat Capacity of a Liquid by  Method of Mixtures
	CHANGE OF STATE
		Latent Heat of Fusion
		Units of Specific
Latent Heat of Fusion
		Specific
Latent Heat of Fusion of Some Substances
			Application and Consequences of High Specific
Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
			General Applications
		Determination of Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
			Calculations
			Precautions
		Factors Affecting Melting Point
			Effect of Pressure
			Regelation
		Effect of Impurities on Melting Point
			Freezing Mixture
			Latent Heat of Vapourization
		Units of Specific
Latent Heat of Vaporization
		Specific
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Steam
			Advantages and Natural Consequences of High Specific
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Steam
			Determination of Specific
Latent Heat of Vaporization by  Method of Mixtures
				Calculations
				Precautions
		Experiment to Determine Boiling Point of a Liquid
		Effects of Pressure and Impurities on Boiling Point
		Pressure
		Impurities
		Evaporation
		Refrigeration
		Sublimation
	HUMIDITY AND DEW POINT
		Relative Humidity
		Anomalous behaviour of Water
	HOPE’S APPARATUS
		Consequences of Anomalous Behaviour of Water
	HEAT ENGINE
		External Combustion Engine
		Internal Combustion Engine
		Petrol Engine
		Diesel Engine
		Efficiency
of Heat Engine
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCET APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-4
Light
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	NATURE OF LIGHT
		Reflection
of Light
	LAWS OF REFLECTION
		Reflection
by a Plane Mirror
		Image Formed by Plane Mirror
	SPHERICAL MIRROR
		Terms Relating to Spherical Mirrors
		Relation Between Focal Length and Radius of Curvature
		Rules to Determine the Path of Reflected
Rays
		Formation of Image by Convex Mirror
		Formation of Image by Concave Mirror
	LINEAR MAGNIFICATION (M)
	MAGNIFICATION (M)
	REFRACTION
		Refractive Index of a Medium
	LAWS OF REFRACTION
		Ist Law
		IInd Law
		Experiment to Verify Second Law of Refraction or to find
Absolute Refractive Index of a Glass
	PRINCIPLE OF REVERSIBILITY OF LIGHT
		Refraction through a Glass Slab
	LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
		Real and Apparent Depth
		Critical Angle
	TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
		Conditions for Total Internal Reflection
		Mirage
	TWINKLING OF STARS
		Relation between Critical Angle and Refractive Index
		Differences between Reflection
and Total Internal Reἀection
		Total Reflecting
Prisms
		Deviation through 90°
		Deviation through 180°
		Erecting Prism or Non-deviation Prism
		Refracting Periscope or Prismatic Periscope
		Advantages of Refracting Periscope Over Reἀecting Periscope
	OPTICAL FIBRES OR LIGHT PIPES
		Uses of Optical Fibres
		Refraction through Prisms
		Deviation of Light by Prism
		Dependence of Angle of Deviation on Angle of Incidence
		Dependence of Angle of Deviation on Refractive Index
		Dependence of Angle of Deviation on the Colour or the Wave Length of Light
		Dependence on Angle of the Prism
		Refraction through Lenses
		Convergent Action of Convex Lens
		Diverging Action of Concave Lens
		Some Definitions
		Optical Centre
		Principal Focus
		Focal Length
		Focal Plane
		Rules for Construction of Images Formed by Thin Lenses
		Formation of Images by Convex Lens
		Formation of Images by Concave Lens
	CARTESIAN SIGN CONVENTION
		Lens Formula
		Linear Magnification
		Power of a Lens
		Combination of thin Lenses
		Experiment To Determine Focal Length of a Convex Lens
		By Distant Method
		By Plane Mirror Method
		Focal Length by u − v method
		Application of Lens
		Dispersion of Light
		Early Discovery of Newton
		Pure Spectrum
		Impure Spectrum
		Rainbow cause for Dispersion
		Refrangibility
	COLOUR OF THE OBJECTS AND PIGMENTS
		Primary Colours of Light
		Complimentary Pair of Colours
	RAMAN EFFECT
		Spectroscope
		Uses of a Spectroscope
		Emission Spectra
		Absorption Spectra
		Electromagnetic Radiations
		Visible Spectrum
		Invisible Spectrum
		Radio Waves
		Microwaves
	INFRARED SPECTRUM
		Sources of Infrared Rays
		Properties of IR Rays
		Uses
	ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM
		Sources
		Properties
		Uses
	X-RAYS
	GAMMA RAYS
	PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
		Einstein Explanation of Photoelectric Effect
		Application of Photoelectric Effect
		Theories of Light (a Historical Review)
	NEWTON’S CORPUSCULAR THEORY
		Drawbacks of Newton’s Corpuscular Theory
	HUYGEN’S WAVE THEORY
		Newton–huygen Debate
	RIPPLE TANK EXPERIMENT
		Reflection
of Waves in a Ripple Tank
		Refraction of Waves in a Ripple Tank
	SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
	INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
		Interference of Water Waves in a Ripple Tank
		Diffraction of Waves
		Diffraction of light
		Diffraction of Waves at a Straight Edge
		Visual Photometry
	LASER
		Characteristics of Laser Light
		Working of Lasers—The Process
		Absorption
		Spontaneous Emission
		Population Inversion
		Stimulated or Induced Emission
	ACTUAL LASER AND ITS WORKING
		Types of Lasers
		Uses of Lasers
	OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
	THE HUMAN EYE
		Formation of Images on Retina
		Perception of Colours
		Defects of Vision and Rectification
		Image formation with the Corrective Lens
		Camera
			Comparison between a Camera and The Eye
	SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
		Working
		Magnification
in Normal Adjustment
		Magnification
When The Object is Placed between  The Focus and Optical Centre of the Lens
	COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
		Construction and Working
	MAGNIFICATION
	TELESCOPES
	ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
		Working
	TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-5
Hydrostatics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	THRUST AND PRESSURE
		Thrust
		Pressure
		Pressure in Fluids
		Mathematical Expression for Pressure in Fluids
		Factors on Which the Pressure at a Point in a Fluid Depends
		The Pressure at a Point in Fluid does not Depends On
	LAWS OF LIQUID PRESSURE
		Transmission of Pressure in Liquids—Pascal’s Law
	PASCAL’S LAW
		Applications of Pascal’s Law
		Principle of Hydraulic Machine
		Examples of Hydraulic Machines
		Uses of Bramah Press
	ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
		Some Consequences of Atmospheric Pressure
		Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
		Simple Barometer
		The Vertical Height of the Barometric Liquid
		Defects of a Simple Barometer
		Fortin’s Barometer
		Aneroid Barometer
		Manometer
		Variation of Atmospheric Pressure with Altitude
		Altimeter
		Upthrust
		Factors Affecting the Upthrust
	ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
		Relative Density
		Relative Density by Balancing Columns
	HARE’S APPARATUS
	FLOATATION
	LAWS OF FLOATATION
		Mathematical Expression for the Law of Floatation
		Stability of Floating Bodies
	PLIMSOLL LINES
	HYDROMETER
		Common Hydrometer
		Uses of Common Hydrometers
		Test Tube Float
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-6
Wave Motion and Sound
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	VIBRATING BODIES PRODUCE SOUND
	PROPAGATION OF SOUND
	WAVE MOTION
		Types of Waves
		Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves
		Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
		Progressive and Stationary Waves
		Stationary Wave Formation in a Stretched String
		Differences Between Progressive and Stationary Waves
		Sound Waves
		Propagation of Sound Through Liquids
	SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
		Graphical Representation of SHM
	VELOCITY OF SOUND
		Velocity of Sound in Solids
		Velocity of Sound in Liquids
		Velocity of Sound in Gases
		Factors Affecting the Velocity of Sound in a Gas
		Factors that do not Affect Velocity of Sound in a Gas
		The Velocity of Sound in Air
		Relation between Velocity, Wavelength and Frequency of Sound
	REFLECTION OF SOUND
		Echo
		Applications of Reἀection of Sound (Echo)
		Determination of Velocity of Sound in Air by Echo Method
		Reverberation
		Acoustics
		Natural Vibrations
		Damped Vibrations
		Forced Vibrations
	RESONANCE
		Resonance in Sound Boxes
		Conditions for Resonance
		Resonance—Examples and Applications
		Resonance in Air Columns
		Air Column
		Resonating Air Column
		Closed End Resonating Air Column
		Resonance—Velocity of Sound in Air
		Resonance in Open Organ Pipe
		Vibrations in Stretched Strings
	LAWS OF VIBRATING STRETCHED STRINGS
	SONOMETER
	MUSIC AND NOISE
		Characteristics of Musical Sound
		Pitch
		Intensity
		Quality or Timbre
		Differences between Music and Noise
		Drum
		Bell
		Pollution Due to Noise
		Effects of Noise Pollution
		Sources of Noise Pollution
		Controlling of Noise Pollution
		Recording and Reproduction of Sound
		Recording and Reproduction of Sound by Using Magnetic Tapes
		Sound Recording
		Sound Reproduction
		Recording and Reproduction of Sound by Using Films
		Sound Reproduction
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-7
Electricity
	REMEMBER
	KEY IDEAS
	INTRODUCTION
	Electric Charges-Properties
	CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
		Conductors
		Insulators
	ELECTRIC CURRENT
		One Ampere
		Electric Potential
		Potential Difference
	CURRENT IN CONDUCTORS AND ELECTROLYTES
		Current in a Conductor
		Current in An Electrolyte
		Electrical Resistance
		Units of Resistance
		Electrical Conductance
		Electrical Conductivity
		Super Conductors
		Factors Affecting Resistance
	SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
		Unit of Resistivity
		Effect of Temperature on Resistance
		Effect of Impurities on Resistance
	ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
	OHM’S LAW
		Experimental Veriἀcation of Ohm’s Law
		Voltmeter—Ammeter Method
		Potentiometer Method
		Graphical Representation of Ohm’s Law
		Ohmic and Non-ohmic Conductors
		Resistances in Series
		Characteristics of a Series Circuit
		Resistors in Parallel
		Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
		Colour Coding of Resistors
		Bulbs in Series
		Bulbs in Parallel
		Electric Cell
		Open and Closed Circuits
		Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell
		Terminal Voltage
		Internal Resistance of Cell
		Cells in Series
		Cells in Parallel
		Heating Effect of Current
	ELECTRIC ENERGY AND ELECTRIC WORK
		Electric Power
		Units of Electric Power
		Commercial Units of Electrical Energy
	WATT HOUR METER
	WATTAGE
	JOULE’S LAW
		Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current
		Lighting Effect of Electricity
		Incandescent or Filament Lamp
		Discharge Lamps
		Fluorescent Lamps
		Electric arc Lamps
	HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT
		Fuse
		Characteristics of Fuse
		Current Rating of Fuse
		Earthing
		Household Distribution of Current
	TREE SYSTEM
		Disadvantages of Tree System
		Ring System
		Advantage
		Switch
		Socket
		Plugs
		Colour Coding of Wires
		Power Transmission
	CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY
		Electrolysis
		Electrolysis of Water
		Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate
		Uses of Electrolysis
		Electroplating
		Copper Plating
		Silver Plating
		Nickel Plating
		Chromium Plating
	LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS
		Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis
		E.C.E. (Electro Chemical Equivalent)
		Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis
		Chemical Equivalent (E)
	DRY CELL
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-8
Electromagnetism
	Remember
	KEY IDEAS
	INTRODUCTION
	MAGNETISM
		Important Properties of Magnets
		Magnetic Field and Field Lines
	EWING’S MOLECULAR THEORY OF MAGNETISM
	INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF MAGNETISM
		Some Important Terms
		Magnetic Permeability
		Unit Pole Strength
		Magnetic Flux Density ‘B’
		Intensity of Magnetic Field (H)
		Magnetic Moment ‘M’
		Magnetic Field Induction of a Bar Magnet on the  Axial Line of the Magnet
		Magnetic Field Induction of a Magnet on the  Equatorial Line of the Magnet
	ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM–MODERN ELECTRON THEORY
		Magnetic Properties
		Classification
of Magnetic Materials
		Diamagnetic Substances
	PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
		Ferromagnetic Substances
	DOMAIN THEORY
		Terrestrial Magnetism
		Elements of Earth’s Magnetism
		Mapping Neutral Points
		Calculation of Magnetic Moment M of a Bar Magnet
	OERSTED EXPERIMENT
	AMPERE’S SWIMMING RULE
	AMPERE’S RIGHT-HAND THUMB RULE
	MAXWELL’S CORK SCREW RULE
		Magnetic Field Due to Current
		Electromagnetism
		Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force Around a Circular Coil
		Properties of a Solenoid
		Force on a Current Carrying Conductor Kept in a Magnetic Field
			Explanation
	MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER (SUSPENSION TYPE)
		Principle
		Construction
		Working
		DC motor
		Commutator
		Brushes
		Battery
		Working of the Motor
		Electromagnetic Induction
		Faraday’s Experiments
	FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
	LENZ’S LAW
		Fleming’s Right-hand Rule
		Moving Coil Microphone
		Loud Speaker
	ELECTRIC GENERATOR
		The Alternating Current Generator
		Construction
		Working
		Alternating Current (AC) Dynamo
			Principle
			Construction
			Working
		RMS Voltage and Peak Voltage
		The Direct Current Generator
			Working
		Inductance of a Coil
		Self-Induction
		Mutual Induction
		Transformer
		Core
		Primary Coil
		Secondary Coil
		Step-Up Transformer
		Step-Down Transformer
			Working
		Energy Loss in Transformers
		Uses of a Transformer
		Eddy Currents
		Uses of Eddy Current
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-9
Modern Physics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	Cathode Rays
		Properties of Cathode Rays
		Nature of Cathode Rays
		Uses of Cathode Rays
	X-RAYS
		Production of X-rays
		Properties of X-rays
		Uses of X-rays
	RADIOACTIVITY
		Natural Radioactivity
		Radiations
		Properties of radiations
		Radioactive Transformation
		Types of Transformation
		Radioactive Series
		Law of Radioactive Disintegration
	THE HALF-LIFE PERIOD
	ISOTOPES, ISOBARS AND ISOTONES
		Isotopes
		Isobars
		Isotones
	ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION
		Definition
		Artificial
Transmutation by a-Particles
		Artificial
Transmutation by Protons
		Uses of Radio-Isotopes
	CARBON DATING OR RADIOACTIVE DATING
		The Ill Effects of Radioactive Radiations
		Background Radiations
		Geiger Counter
		Nuclear Energy
		Atomic Mass
		Mass Defect
	EINSTEIN’S MASS ENERGY EQUIVALENCE
		BINDING ENERGY
		Binding Energy Per Nucleon
		Nuclear Reactions
		Fission Reactions
	LIQUID DROP MODEL
		Determination of Energy Liberated in a Nuclear Reaction
		Kinds of Nuclear Fission Reactions
		Uncontrolled Fission Reaction or Chain Reaction  or Explosive Fission Reaction
		CHAIN REACTION
		Pictorial Representation of Chain Reaction Controlled Chain Reaction or Critical Fission Reaction
		Pictorial Representation of a Controlled Chain Reaction
	NUCLEAR REACTOR
		Generation of Electricity
	NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
		Working
		Nuclear Fusion
		Fusion Theory
		Hydrogen Bomb
		Nuclear Fusion Reactor
		Nuclear Hazards and Safety Measures
	NUCLEAR RESEARCH IN INDIA
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Q uestions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-10
Source of  Energy
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	Sources of Energy
	Characteristics of Sources of Energy
	Non-renewable Sources of Energy
	Renewable Sources of Energy
	SOLAR ENERGY
		Direct Harnessing of Solar Energy
		Indirect Harnessing of Solar Energy
		Methods of Enhancing the Collection of Solar Energy
		Use of Black-painted Surface
		Use of Insulated Box with Glass Cover
	SOLAR COOKER
		Box-type Solar Cooker
		Green House
		Reflector
Type Solar Cooker
		Solar Concentrators
		Solar Water Heater
		Solar Cells
		Photoelectric Effect
		Advantages of Solar Cells
		Disadvantages
		Uses of Solar Cells
	WIND ENERGY
		Production of Electricity Wind Energy Farm
		Limitations in Harnessing of Wind Energy
	HYDEL ENERGY
		Limitations of Hydroelectric Power Plant
		Advantage of Hydroelectric Power Plants
	TIDAL ENERGY
	OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)
	GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
		Generation of Electricity
		Advantages of Geothermal Energy
	NUCLEAR ENERGY
		Bioenergy
	BIOGAS
		Floating Gas-Holder Type Biogas Plant
		Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant
		Formation of Biogas
		Advantages of a Biogas Plant
		Hydrogen and Alcohol as Fuels
	FUELS
		Calorific
Value
		Solid Fuels
		Fossil Fuels
		Coal
		Liquid Fuels
	PETROLEUM
		Formation of Petroleum
		Extraction of Petroleum
		Refining
of Petroleum
		Gaseous Fuels
		Ignition Temperature
		Condition for Combustion of Fuels
		Choice of a Good Fuel
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter-11
Electronics
	Remember
	KEY IDEAS
	INTRODUCTION
	THERMIONIC EMISSION—PRODUCTION OF ELECTRON STREAM
		Rate of Thermionic Emission—Factors Affecting it
		Kinds of Thermionic Emitters
		Applications of Thermionic Emission
	DIODE VALVE
		Directly Heated Diode Valve
		Indirectly Heated Diode Valve
		Space Charge
	CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)
	ENERGY BANDS IN A SILICON CRYSTAL
		Classification
of Solids Based on Band theory
		Conductors
		Insulators
		Semiconductors
		Effect of Temperature on Semiconductor
		Intrinsic Semiconductor
		N-Type Semiconductor
		P-Type Semiconductor
		P-N Junction
		Forward Biased P-N Junction
		Reverse Biased p-n Junction
	RECTIFIER
		p-n Junction Diode as a Rectiἀer
	SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LED
		Application
		Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
	TRANSISTOR
		Action or Working of a Transistor
	AMPLIFIER
		Transistor as an Amplifier
	CAPACITORS
		*Radio and Television—Broadcasting Principles
		*Radio Broadcasting and Reception
		*Television Broadcasting (Telecasting) and Reception
		*Assembly of a Radio
		Components Required
		Procedure of Building a Circuit
		Integrated Circuits (IC Chips)
		Microprocessor (µp)
		Computer
			Input
			CPU
			Output
			Applications of Computers
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3