Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Chemistry Class 9

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Content
Preface
Chapter Insights
Series Chapter Flow
Chapter 1 Number Systems Nature of Matter
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	POSTULATES OF KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
		Interconversion of States of Matter
			Interconversion Between Solid and Liquid States
			Factors Affecting the Melting Point
			Interconversion Between the Liquid and Gaseous States
			Factors Affecting the Boiling Point
			Factors Affecting Evaporation
		Latent Heat
		Applications of Latent Heat
			Cooling Produced Due to Evaporation
		Different States of Matter and Their Properties
	CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ON THE BASIS OF  CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
		Separation of a Mixture
			Paper Chromatography
		Conditions Required for Chemical Changes
			Displacement Reaction
			Metal Reactivity Series
			Halogen Reactivity Series
		Characteristics of Elements
		Characteristics of Compounds
		Characteristics of a Mixture
		Classiἀcation of a Mixture
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	DISCOVERY OF FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
		Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
	DISCOVERY OF PROTONS
		Thomson’s Atomic Model
			Validity of Thomson’s Model
		Rutherford’s α-ray Scattering Experiments
		Rutherford’s Atomic Model
			Validity of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
		Quantum Theory of Radiation
		Bohr’s Model of an Atom
			Limitations of Bohr’s Atomic Model
		Properties of Anode Rays
	DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS
		Electronic Conἀguration
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 3  Periodic Classification of Elements
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	NEWLAND’S ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN OCTAVES
		Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
			Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
			Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
		Modern Periodic Table—the Long Form of the Periodic Table
			Different Portions of Long Form of Periodic Table
			Groups
			Merits of the Long Form of the Periodic Table
			Defects of the Long Form of the Periodic Table
	PERIODICITY
		Atomic Size
			Variation of Atomic Size Along a Period and a Group in the Periodic Table
		Ionisation Energy
			Successive Ionisation Potentials
			Variation of Ionisation Potential Along a Period and a Group in the Periodic Table
		Electron Afinity
			Variation of Electron Afinity Along a Period and Along a Group of the Periodic Table
		Electronegativity
			Variation of Electronegativity Along a Group and a  Period of the Periodic Table
		Electropositive Character
			Variation of Electropositivity Along a Period and a  Group in a Periodic Table
		Oxidizing and Reducing Property
			Variation of Oxidizing and Reducing Property Along a  Period and a Group in a Periodic Table
		Metallic and Non-metallic Property
			Variation of Metallic and Non-metallic Character Along a  Period and a Group of the Periodic Table
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 4  Chemical Bonding
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF A CHEMICAL BOND
		Types of Chemical Bonds
			Ionic Bond
			Formation of Potassium Chloride
		Lewis Dot Formula
			Representation of Some Ionic Compounds By Lewis Dot Formulae
			Formation of Magnesium Oxide
			Formation of Calcium Fluoride
		Covalent Bond
			Formation of Hydrogen Molecule
			Formation of Hydrogen Chloride
			Energy Changes During Covalent Bond Formation
		Polar Covalent Bond
		Coordinate Bond
			Forces Acting Between The Covalent Molecules
		Hydrogen Bonding
		Metallic Bond
			Redox Reactions
			Oxidation
			Reduction
			Redox Reaction
			Explanation of Redox Reactions with the Help of Some Examples
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 5 Mole Concept, Stoichiometry and Behaviour of Gases
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE
		Radicals or Ions
		Derivation of Formulae of Compounds
		Naming of Compounds
			Binary Compounds
			Naming of Acids
			Naming of Bases
			Naming of Salts
			Characteristics of Gases Based on the Kinetic Theory of Gases
		Boyle’s Law
			Graphical Representation of Boyle’s Law
		Charles’ Law
			Graphical Representation of Charle’s Law
		The Gas Equation
		Standard Temperature and Pressure or Normal Temperature and Pressure
			Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes of Gases
		Measurement of the Mass of Atoms and Molecules
			Atomic Weight or Relative Atomic Mass
			Gram Atomic Weight or Gram Atom
			Molecular Weight or Relative Molecular Mass
			Gram Molecular Weight
		Avogadro’s Number and Mole Concept
			Mole
			Schematic Representation of Different Relationships for Mole
		Graham’s Law of Diffusion
	STOICHIOMETRY
		Balancing of Chemical Equations by Trial and Error Method
			Chemical Calculations Based on Weight–Weight Relationship
			Chemical Calculations Based on Weight–Volume Relationship
			Calculations Based on Volume–Volume Relationship
			Calculation of Empirical and Molecular Formulae of Compounds
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS
		Rate of a Reaction
			Units of Rate of a Reaction
			Illustrations for Rate of Reaction
			Postulates of Collision Theory of Reaction Rates
			Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
			Concentration
			Temperature
			Experiment to Study the Effect of Temperature and Concentration on the Rate of Reaction
			Catalyst
		CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
			Reversible and Irreversible Reactions
		Dynamic Equilibrium
			Experiment to Show the Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium
			Characteristics of Dynamic Equilibrium
			Identiἀcation of Equilibrium
		Law of Chemical Equilibrium or Law of Mass Action
			Equilibrium constant (Kc)
			Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant
			Applications of Equilibrium Constant
			Factors Affecting the Equilibrium
			Effect of Concentration
			Effect of Pressure
			Effect of Temperature
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 7 Water, Solution, Solubility and Hydrogen
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	SOURCES OF WATER
		Removal of Hardness
	IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF WATER
		Solvent Property
			Classification of Solutions
			Solubility
			Saturated Solution
			Unsaturated Solution
			Supersaturated Solution
			Effect of Temperature on the Solubility
			Effect of Pressure
		Molarity
			Weight Percentage (w/w)
			Different Processes of Crystallisation
			Tyndall Effect
			Brownian Movement
			Coagulation of Colloid Particles
		Action of Water on Some Metals
	ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
		Mechanism of Electrolysis
		Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
			First Law
			Mathematical Representation
			Calculation of Equivalent Weight
			Relation Between Equivalent Weight and Electrochemical Equivalent
			Second Law
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 8 Metals and Non-Metals
	INTRODUCTION
	METALLURGY
		Metallurgy of Iron
			Smelting in Blast Furnace
			Cast Iron
			Wrought Iron
			Steel
		Open-hearth Process for Making Special Type of Steel
	NON-METALS
		Carbon
			Free State
			Combined State
			Compounds of Carbon
			Uses
			Uses
		Nitrogen
			Occurrence
			Free State
			Combined State
			Preparation
			Laboratory Method of Preparation of Nitrogen Gas
			Procedure
			Uses of Nitrogen
			Compounds of Nitrogen
			Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia
			Uses of Ammonia
		Phosphorous
			Occurrence
			Inorganic Compounds
			Organic Matter
			Preparation
			Procedure
			Puriἀcation
			Allotropy
			Uses of Phosphorous
		Oxygen
			Occurrence
			Free State
			Combined State
			Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
			Electrolysis of Water
			Experiment I
			Uses of Oxygen
		Sulphur
			Free State
			Combined State
			Extraction
			Frasch Process
			Advantage
			Allotropes of Sulphur
		Transition Between Rhombic Sulphur and Monoclinic Sulphur
			Puckered Ring Structure of Sulphur
			Uses of Sulphur
			Compounds of Sulphur
			Sulphur Dioxide
			Preparation
			Hydrogen Sulphide
			Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Sulphide
			Uses of H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide)
			Chlorine
			Laboratory Method of Preparation
			Uses of Chlorine
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 9  Organic Chemistry
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
	CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS
	NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROCARBONS
		Isomerism
			Chain Isomerism in Alkanes
			Position isomerism
			Functional Isomerism
		Homologous Series
	ALKANES
		Methane
			Occurrence
			Laboratory Preparation of Methane
			Process
			Chemical Properties of Methane
	ALKENES AND ALKYNES
		Preparation Method of Ethene
			Cracking
			Laboratory Preparation of Ethene
			Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
			Applications of Chemical Properties
	NATURAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
		Formation
		Coal
		Fractional Distillation of Coal Tar
			Important Fuels Obtained from Petroleum
	SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
		Use of Organic Compounds as Ingredients of Food
			Other Ingredients
		Use of Organic Compounds in Soaps and Detergents
			Structure and Composition of Soaps and Detergents
			Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents
			Types of Soaps
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
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