Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2018

Cover
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Photo Credits
MAP-BOOK
SECTION A THE WORLD
	Chapter 1 Physical Geography
		THE UNIVERSE
			Vastness of the Universe
			Composition of the Universe
				WMAP and Dark Matter/Dark Energy
			Theories of the Universe
			Galaxy and the Local Group
				Galaxy Features
				Milky Way
			Hubble’s Classification of Galaxies
				Chandra X-Ray Observatory
			Cosmology and Cosmic Rays
		SOLAR SYSTEM
			Origin, Age, and Characteristics of the Solar System
				Origin
				Age
			The Sun
				Layers of the sun
				Chemical Composition of the Sun
				Death of the Sun
			The Planets
				Characteristics
				Mercury
				Venus
				Earth
				Mars
				Jupiter
				Saturn
				Uranus
				Neptune
				Pluto
				The Moon
			The Phases of the moon
				Classification System for Stars
			Constellation
			Asteroids, Meteors, and Comets
				Asteroids
				What is Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA)?
				Meteors
				Comets
				Difference Between the Asteroid, Comet, Meteoroid,Meteor, and Meteorite?
				Major Comet Events Since 1950s
				The Auroras
		BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EARTH
			Shape and Structure of the Earth
				Shape
				Layers of the Earth
			Earth’s Movements
				Rotation
				Revolution
			Seasons
				The Four Seasons
				How Seasons Change?
				Causes of Change in Seasons
			Equinoxes and Solstices
				Equinoxes
				Solstice
			Eclipses
				Lunar Eclipse
				Solar Eclipse
				Annular Eclipse
			Spheres of the Earth
		ATMOSPHERE
			Composition
				Atmospheric Pressure
				Atmospheric Moisture
				Clouds
				Classifying Clouds
			Atmospheric Layers
			Winds
				Types of Wind
				Direction of the Wind Movement
		LITHOSPHERE
			Rocks
			Continents
			Mountains
				Types of Mountains
		HYDROSPHERE
		TIDES
			Ocean Currents
			Shipping Canals
				Some Facts About Straits
			Major Rivers of the World
				River Formation
		TIME
			Local Time
			Standard Time
			International Date Line
			Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
			Daylight Saving Time
			Universal Time (UT)
		GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
			How it Works
			Other GPS Systems
		Topic-wise Assessment
			The Universe
			Solar System
			Basic Knowledge About the Earth
			Atmosphere
			Lithosphere
			Hydrosphere
			Time
			Global Positioning System
		Answers
	Chapter 2 Physical Geography
		THE WORLD WE LIVE IN
			A Profile of the World
		CONTINENTS
			Asia
			Africa
			North America
			south America
			Europe
			Language Families of Europe
			Antarctica
			Oceania/Australasia
		PRINCIPAL CLIMATES OF THE WORID
			Climatic Divisions of the World
				Hot Climatic Regions
				Temperate Climatic Regions
				Cold Climatic Regions
			Köppen Climate Classification
			Köppen—Geiger Climate Classification
				Tropical Climates
				Dry Climates
				Moderate Climates
				Continental Climates
				Polar Climates
				Agricultural Crops
				Minerals
				Major Crops
				Important Minerals and Principal Producing Countries
			Countries Rich in Natural Resources
				Major Industrial Towns
			Regional Grouping of Countries of the World
				South Asia
				Southeast Asia
				West Asia (Middle East)
				The Caribbean
				Other Major Groupings
			Economic Classification of Countries of the World
				On the Basis of Advancement
				On the Basis of Gross National Income (World BankClassification)
				On the Basis of Development (IMF Classification
				Groups in the World Trade Organization (WTO)
				ASEAN-5
		A GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
			Major Fishing Areas of the World
			Closely Related Terms
			Important Geographical Facts
			Important Lines and Boundaries
		WORLD ARCHITECTURE
			Wonders of the World
				The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
					Mona Lisa—The Most Well-Known Painting
					Statue of Liberty
					World-famous Structures
					Countries and Their Emblems
					Countries and Their Parliaments
		Topic-wise Assessment
			THE WORLD WE LIVE IN
				A Profile of the World
				Continents
				Principle Climates of the World
				Major Natural Resources
				Countries Rich in Natural Resources
				Regional Grouping of Countries of the World
				Economic Classification of Countriesof the World
				Miscellaneous
				Wonders of the World
				Countries and Their Emblems
				Countries and Their Parliaments
			Answers
	Chapter 3 Glimpses of World History
		IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE WORLD HISTORY
			BCE
		RISE Of ISLAM IN CENTRAL ASIA (1250-1500 CE)
			Turks
			The Ottoman State
			India
			mongols
			China
			Russia
			Persia
			Africa
			South-East Asia
		IMPORTANT BATTLES (FROM 608 bce to 2013 ce)
		OTHER IMPORTANT WARS (TO 264 BCETO 1856 ce)
			Punic Wars (Carthage–Roman Wars)
				The First Punic War (264–241 bce)
				The Second Punic War (218–201 bce)
				The Third Punic War (149–146 bce)
			Slaves Revolt (73 bce)
			Ambush in the Teutoburger Wald
			Roman Invasion of Britain
				The First Roman Invasion of Britain
				Second Roman Invasion of Britain
			Battle of mount Badon
			Battle of maldon
			Battle of Stamford Bridge
			War of Roses
			The Hundred-Year War
			The Thirty-Year War
			The Seven-Year War
			Battle of the Nile (1798)
			Napoleonic Wars
				Battle of Trafalgar
				Battle of Austerlitz
				Battle of Borodino
				Battle of Waterloo
			Opium War (First China War)
			The Crimean War
			Crusades
				The First Crusade
				The Second Crusade
				The Third Crusade
				The Fourth Crusade
		THE WORLD WARS
			World War I (August 4, 1914–November 11, 1918)
				Causes and Background
				Main Contestants
				Events of World War I
				Results
			World War II (September 3, 1939–August 14, 1945)
				Background and Causes
				Main Contestants
				Results
		REVOLUTIONS WARS CONFLICTS AND STAND-OFFS
			American War of Independence (1775)
			Greek War of Independence (1821)
			Belgian War of Independence (1830)
			American Civil War (1861–1865)
			french Revolution (1789–1793)
				National Assembly
				Fall of the Bastille
				Abolition of Privileges
				Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
				War Between France and Austria (1792)
				Execution of the King and the Queen
				The Directory
			Russian Revolution (1917–22)
				Causes
				Preparation for the Revolution of 1905
				Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
				Events of the Russian Revolution
				Results
				Birth of Socialism and the Communist Manifesto
			Chinese Revolution
			mexican Revolution
			Algerian War of Independence (1947–1962)
			Cold War (1945–91)
			Hungarian Revolution (1956)
			Korean War
			Islamic Revolution in Iran
			Cuban Crisis
			The Six-day War
			Creation of Bangladesh
			Independence of Zimbabwe
			Collapse of the Soviet Empire
			Reforms in Poland and Hungary
			Fall of Communism in East Germany and German Unification
			Iraq and Saddam Hussein
			Division of Czechoslovakia
			Emergence of CIS and the Chechnya Issue
			Disintegration of Yugoslavia
			Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
			Hong Kong Handed Over to China
			9/11 Attack on the USA
			The Afghan War
			European Integration
			Operation Iraqi Freedom (Liberation)
			Israel Attacks Lebanon
			Syria’s Civil War
			Egyptian Protests 2012–13
				Goals of the Protest
				Results
			Libyan Civil War
			Ukraine Crisis
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Important Events of World History
			Important Battles
			Rise of Islam in Central Asia(1250–1500 ce)
			Important Wars
			Landmarks in European History
			The World Wars
			Revolutions, Wars, Conflicts andStand-offs
		Answers
	Chapter 4 International Organizations
		THE UNITED NATIONS
			Charter of the UN
				Foundation Day of the UN
				First Regular Session of the UN
			The UN Flag and the Emblem
			Membership of the UN
			Organizations of the UN
				General Assembly
				Security Council
				The Economic and Social Council
				International Court of Justice
				Trusteeship Council
			UN Observations
				UN’s International Days
				UN’s International Years
				UN’s International Decades
				UN’s Anniversaries
				The UN’s International Weeks
			Agencies Related to the United Nations
				Different UN Agencies
				Organization of the UN
				The UN System: Principal Organs
				Year 2015: Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs)
		THE COMMONWEALTH
			Membership
				Member Countries (Members by Regions)
			Commonwealth Secretariat
				Important Meetings of the Commonwealth
				The Commonwealth Family
		THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
			Founder Members of the ‘NAM’
			Basic Principles of the ‘NAM’
				NAM Conference
			Organizational Structure and Membership
		SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FORREGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
			Important Points
			Purpose
			Regional Centres
			SAARC Summits
			South Asian Free Trade Area
			Meeting of SAARC Culture Ministers
			Meeting of SAARC Energy Ministers
		THE EUROPEAN UNION
			Five ‘EU’ Institutions
			Important Treaties (Establishment)
			Member States
			Main Institutional Changes Introduced by the Lisbon Treaty
			European Community (Formerly Knownas EEC)
			The Group of 77
			The Group of Seven (G-7)
			Colombo Plan
			Organization of American States (OAS)
			Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development
			Association of South-East Asian Nations
			Amnesty International
			Red Cross
			World Trade Organization
				WTO’s Role
			Interpol
			Organization of the Islamic Co-operation
			Scouts and Guides
			Organization for Security and Co-operationin Europe (OSCE)
			Council of Europe (CoE)
			The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
			Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
			Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)
			Turkic Council
			African Union
			Union for the Mediterranean
			Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
			Union of South American Nations
			Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
			China–Japan–South Korea Trilateral Summits
			Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
			Australia–New Zealand–United States(ANZUS) Security Treaty
			Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa(BRICS)
			Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa (CIVETS)
			Next Eleven (N-11)
			Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey
			India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum
			E-7 (Emerging-7)
			E-9 Nations
			G-4
			Uniting for Consensus
			G-8 (Group of Eight)
			G-6 (Group of Six)
			G-(8+5)
			G-15
			G-20 (Group of 20)
			G-20 Summits
			G-24 (Group of Twenty-Four)
			World Bank
			International Monetary Fund (IMF)
			Asian Development Bank (ADB)
			Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectorial Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
		IMPORTANT TREATIES
			Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
			Izmir Treaty
			Antarctic Treaty
			Kyoto Protocol
			Libya Accord
			International Courts—At a Glance
		Topic-wise Assessment
			The United Nations
			Other Important International Organizations
			Important Treaties
		Answers
	Chapter 5 Physical Geography
		LANGUAGES
			Language Families: Number of Speakers
		BOOKS
			Famous Quotations
				Abraham Lincoln (1809 to 1865)
				Admiral Nelson (1758 to 1805
				Albert Einstein (1879 to 1955)
				Albert Gyorgyi (1893 to 1986)
				Aldous Huxley (1894 to 1963)
				Alexander, the Great (356 to 323 bce)
				Anatole France (1844 to 1924)
				Ancient Indian Proverb
				Archimedes (287 to 212 bce)
				Aristotle (384 to 322 bce)
				Balgangadhar Tilak (1856 to 1920)
				Benjamin D’Israeli (1804 to 1881)
				Benjamin Franklin (1706 to 1790)
				Bismarck (1815 to 1898)
				Carl Schurz (1829 to 1906)
				Charles W. Eliot (1834 to 1926)
				Christopher Wren (1632 to 1723)
				Cicero (106 to 43 bce)
				David Thoreau Henry (1817 to 62)
				Democritus, 460 bce
				David Thoreau Henry (1817 to 62)
				Democritus, 460 bce
				Dr Beverly Crusher, from Star Trek
				Dr John G. Hibben (1916 to 1995)
				Edwin Aldrin (b. 1930)
				Emerson
				Epictetus
				Francis Bacon (1561 to 1626)
				Frank Tyger
				Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 to 1900)
				Galileo Galilei (1564 to 1642)
				George Arnold (1834 to 1865)
				George Bernard Shaw (1856 to 1950)
				George Santayana (1863 to 1952)
				Goldsmith (1730 to 1774)
				Greek Proverb
				G. W. Crane
				Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
				Immanuel Kant (1724 to 1804)
				Jackie Robinson (1919 to 1972)
				Jacob Neusner (1932)
				James Madison (1751 to 1839)
				Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 to 1964)
				Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 to 78)
				Jean Riboud
				Jesus Christ (at the time of crucifixion)
				Jesse Lee Bennett
				Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
				John Keats (1795 to 1821)
				John Locke (1724 to 1804)
				John Stuart Mill (1805 to 1873)
				Jonathan Swift (1667 to 1745)
				J. W. von Goethe (1749 to 1834)
				Kahlil Gibran (1883 to 1931)
				Karl Marx (1818 to 1883)
				La Bruyere (1645 to 1696)
				Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904 to 1966)
				Lord Byron (1788 to 1824)
				Mahatma Gandhi (1869 to 1948)
				Mao Tse Tung (1893 to 1976)
				Michael Corleone, in The Godfather
				Milton (1608 to 1674)
				Mohd Ali Jinnah (1879 to 1948)
				Napoleon (1769 to 1821)
				Neil Armstrong (b. 1930)
				Niccolo Machiavelli (Florentine Diplomat, died in 1527)
				Niles Eldridge (b. 1943)
				Norbert Weiner (1894 to 1964)
				Orville Wright (1871 to 1948)
				Paul Valery (1871 to 1945)
				Pope (1688 to 1744)
				Rabindranath Tagore (1861 to 1941)
				Rudyard Kipling (1865 to 1936)
				Sam Houston (1793 to 1863)
				Samuel Butler (1835 to 1902)
				Sir Winston Churchill (1874 to 1965)
				Socrates (469 to 399 bce)
				St. Andrews
				Shelley (1792 to 1822)
				Sir Isaac Newton (1642 to 1727)
				Stephaen W. Hawking (b. 1942)
				Subhash Chandra Bose (1897 to 1945)
				Tennyson (1802 to 1892)
				Thomas Carlyle (1795 to 1881)
				Thomas Edison (1847 to 1931)
				Thomas Hobbes (1588 to 1679)
				Voltaire (1694 to 1778)
				Walter Lipsman (1859 to 1974)
				Wiliam Butler Yeats (1865 to 1939)
				William Wordsworth (1770 to 1850)
			Noted Works by Indian Authors (English)
			Ancient Classical Writers
			Ancient Books on Science and Medicine
			Some Famous Foreign Books
			Some Important Books
			Important Shakespeare Plays
			Famous Books/Plays
		WORLD’S GREAT PERSONALITIES (WHO's WHO)
			Life Sketch of Great Personalities
			Abbreviated Titles of Some Well-known Figures
		WELL-KNOWN FREEDOM FIGHTERS
			International Figures
			Prominent Figures of the Indian Freedom Movement
			Women Achievers
				Nobel Peace Prize Winners: Women
				Miss Universe
				Miss World
				Women Rulers (1960 onwards)
			‘Firsts’ in the World
		PROMINENT ECONOMISTS
		SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
			Ancient Philosophers and Thinkers
		INtERNATIONAL AWARDS AND HONOURS
			Nobel Prize
				Introduction
				Nobel Foundation’s Prize Awarding Bodies
				Recipients of the Noble Prize in India
			Pulitzer Prize
			Ramon Magsaysay Awards
				Indians Who Received Ramon Magsaysay Awards
			Booker Prize (Man Booker Prize)
				Recent Winners of the Man Booker Prize
			Right Livelihood Award
				Indians Films at the Oscars
			Important International Awards*
		RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
		SPORTS
			Sport Festivals
				Asian Games Record
				Olympic Mascots and Venues
				Olympics: Where and When
				Winter Olympics—Venues
				Presidents of International Olympic Committee (IOC)
		INTRODUCTION OF EVENTS IN THE OLYMPICS
			Women Booking 2012 at London
			India’s Major Achievements in Olympics*
			London Olympics 2012
				July 27–August 12, 2012 Closing Ceremony
				Overall Medal Count (The top 10 and India)
				Top Medal Winners
				Significant Numbers
				Medal Specs
				Olympics and India
				Medals Won by India (Sport wise from 1928 to 2012)
				Medals Won by India (Sport Wise from 1928 to 2012)
				Indian Participation in London 2012
				Six Indian Medal Winners in London 2012
				Commonwealth Games
				India’s Performance Record at Commonwealth Games
				World Cup Cricket
				T-20 World Cup Cricket
				Indian Premier League
				World Cup Hockey
			Important Trophies and Associated Games
				International Trophies
				National Trophies
			Places Associated with Sports
				Special Names of Playgrounds
				Important National Sports
				Sports Stadiums of India
			Sports Authority of India
			Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education
			Important Government Schemes Relating to Sports
			National Youth Policy 2014
			National Scheme Relating to Talent Searchand Training
			National Sports Development Fund
		ABBREVIATIONS
		IMPORTANT POLITICAL PARTIES
		INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES OF THE WORLD
		MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
			Important Newspapers
			Important News Agencies
			Days to Remember
			Important Symbols
			World’s Great Structures
			Terminology
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Important Government Schemes
		Answers
SECTION B EVERYDAY SCIENCE
	Chapter 1 Nomenclature
		BRANCHES OF SCIENCES
		SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
		SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
			International System (SI)
			Non-SI Units Used Along With International System
		NUMBER SYSTEM
			Arabic Numerals
			Invention of the Decimal System
			Roman Numerals
			Mathematical Symbols
			Prefixes of SI Unit
		INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
		SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND THEORIES
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Branches of Sciences
			Scientific Instruments
			Systems of Measurement
			Number System
			Inventions and Discoveries
			Scientific Concepts and Theories
		Answers
	Chapter 2 Physics
		INTRODUCTION
		MECHANICS
			Matter
			Mass
			Weight
			Density
			Force
				Applications
			Friction
			Energy
			Surface Tension
			Motion
			Work
			Periodic Motion, Wave and Fluid Mechanics
		HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
			Heat and Temperature
			Evaporation
			Latent Heat
			Transfer of Heat
			Radiation
			Convection
			Laws of Thermodynamics
		LIGHT AND OPTICS
			Composition
			Phenomenon of Light
			Mirrors
				Some Important Definitions
				Some Important Definitions
			Lenses
			Characteristics of Image
				Convex Lens
				Concave Lens
		SOUND
			Characteristics
			Phenomena Related to Sound
			Sound Waves and Music
			Ultrasonic and Supersonic Sounds
			Speed of Sound
		ELECTRICITY
			Electric Current
			Heating Effect of Electricity
			Fuse Wire
			Magnetic Effect of Electricity
			Types of Electricity
			Household Wiring System
		MAGNETISM
			Magnets
				Types of Magnetic Substances
			Magnetic Induction
			Magnetic Field of the Earth
		MODERN PHYSICS
			Non-conductors
			Semiconductors
		IMPORTANT LAWS OF PHYSICS
			Archimedes’ Principle
			Avogadro’s Law
			Newton’s (1642–1727) Laws
			Coulomb’s (1738–1806) Law
			Stefan’s (1835–1883) Law
			Pascal’s (1623–1662) Law
			Hooke’s (1635–1703) Law
			Lenz’s (1805–1865) Law
			Dalton’s (1766–1844) Law
			Faraday’s (1791–1867) Laws
			Ohm’s (1787–1854) Law
		PHENOMENA AND IMPORTANT TERMS OF PHYSICS
		PHYSICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
		Topic-wise Assessment
		Answers
	Chapter 3 Geography
		ELEMENTS
			Types of Elements
			New Elements
		METALS
			Chemical Nature of Metals
			Steel and Iron
				Heat Treatment of Steel
			Non-metals
			Alloys
			Minerals
		CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
			Chemical Reaction and Chemical Change
				Classification of Reactions
				Characteristics of Chemical Change
				Difference between Acids and Bases
				Some Important Acids
				Some Important Natural Acids
				Some Strong Bases
			Air
			Water
			Important Gases
				Other Useful Gases
		INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
			Soaps
			Glass
			Cement
			Organic Chemistry
			Carbon Compounds
			Organic and Inorganic Compounds
				Some Classes of Simple Organic Compounds
			Carbon
			Coal and Petroleum
			Liquefied Petroleum Gas
			Synthetic Fibre
			Synthetic Rubber
			Radioactivity
				Radioactive Emissions
			X-rays
		GENERAL
			Important Chemical Tests
			Important Laws of Chemistry
				Gay-Lussac’s Law
			Important Chemical Processes
		NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMISTRY
			Terms in Chemistry
		CHEMICAL REACTIONS
		Topic-wise Assessment
		Answers
	Chapter 4 General Biology (Botany and Zoology)
		CELL
			Historical Background
			Structure
			Cell Division
		CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
			Scientific Nomenclature
			General Classification
		CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANTKINGDOM (PLANTAE)
			Parts of Plants
			Modification of Plant Parts
		CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM(ANIMALAE)
			Protozoa
			Metazoa
				Invertebrates
				Vertebrates
		IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
			Photosynthesis
			Metabolism
			Respiration
			Fertilization
				External and Internal Fertilization
			Transpiration
		GLOSSARY
			Botanical Terms
			Zoological Terms
		Topic-wise Assessment
		Answers
	Chapter 5 Human Body
		ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
			Blood
				Definition of Blood
				Blood Clotting
				Rh Factor
				Blood Pressure
				Important Bones
				Types of Bones
				Bone Cells
				Bone Composition
				Constituents of Bones
				Human Anatomy Terms
			Muscular System
			Organs of Human Body
				Heart
				Lungs
				Liver
				Kidneys
				Spleen
				Human Brain
				Central Nervous System
				Classification of Nerves
				Function of Nerves
			Sense Organs
				Sense of Touch
				Sense of Taste
				Sense of Smell
				Anatomy of the Nose
				Sense of Sight
				Sense of Hearing
				Digestive System
				Digestive Organs
				Digestive Secretions
			Reproductive Organs
			Glands
				Types of Glands
				Secretions from Glands
			Human Cell, Genes and Heredity
				Genetic Code
			Human Genetics
		MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
		HUMAN DIET
			Food Nutrients
				Carbohydrates
				Proteins
				Vitamins
				Minerals
				Iron
				Phosphorus
				Iodine
				Chlorine
		DISEASES OF THE HUMAN BODY
			Types of Diseases
			Agents of Diseases
			Defence Mechanism Against Infection
				AIDS
			Common Diseases
			Common Blood Diseases
			Diseases of the Eyes
			Common Body Disorders
			Common Drugs
		MEDICAL SCIENCE
			Medical Aids (Equipment)
			Medical Treatment
			Marvels of Medical Science
		GLOSSARY
		Topic-wise Assessment
		Answers
	Chapter 6 Ecosystem and Biosphere
		COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
			Community Structure
			Classification of Communities
			Change in Communities Over Time
			Disturbances of a Community
			Ecosystems and Communities
			Food Chain
		BIOSPHERE
			Biogeochemical Cycles
				The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
				The Phosphorus Cycle
				The Nitrogen Cycle
		IMPORTANT PHENOMENA IN BIOSPHERE
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Community and Ecosystem
			Biosphere
			Important Phenomena
		Answers
SECTION C INDIA
	Chapter 1 History of India and Freedom Struggle
		INTRODUCTION
		ANCIENT INDIA
			Indus Valley Civilization
				Period
				Harappan Sites
				Features
			The Vedic Period: The Aryans
				Early Vedic Age: Rig Vedic Age (1500 bce–1000 bce)
				Concepts of Vedic History
				Characteristics
				Later Vedic Period (1000–600 bce)
				Characteristics
			Emergence of Mahajanapadas or Kingdoms
		GROWTH OF BUDDHISM AND JAINISM
			Buddhism
				Tripitakas or Three Patikas In Buddhism
				Causes for the rise of Buddhism
				Buddhist Councils in Modern Times
			Jainism
				Jain Councils
			Magadha Empire (6th–4th Century bce)
				Notable Rulers of Magadha
			Alexander’s Invasion (Greek Invasion)
				Reasons of Alexander’s Success
				Influence of Alexander’s Invasion
			The Mauryan Empire (320–180 bce)
				Ashoka—the Great (268–232 bc)
				Mauryan Culture
				Causes of Decline of the Mauryan Empire
				Post-Mauryan Period
			The Gupta Dynasty (320–550 ce)
				Important Rulers
				Characteristics of the Gupta Dynasty
				Gupta Literature
				Other Notable Works and People of the Gupta Era
				Notable Facts about the Gupta Period
				Gupta Arts
			Harshavardhana (606–647 ce)
				Extent of the Empire
				Literature
				Two Calendars in India
		THE RAJPUTS (650–1200 ce)
			Important Rulers
			Features of the Rajput Kingdoms
			Other Dynasties
				The Andhras or Shathavahanas (230 bce–ce 225)
				The Pallavas (ce 330–796)
				The Chalukyas (6th century ce–12th century ce)
				The Chola Dynasty
				The Pandyas of Madurai (ce 590–1323)
				The Chola Dynasty (ce 850–1310)
				Sangam Literature
				Rashtrakutas (ce 735–973)
				The Yadavas (ce 1191–1318)
				Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar (1336–1564)
		MEDIEVAL INDIA
			The sultanate of delhi (1206–1526 ce)
				The Slave Dynasty (ce1206–1290)
				The Khilji Dynasty (ce 1290–1320)
				Important Rulers
				The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)
				The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1450)
				The Lodhi Dynasty (1451–1526)
			The Mughal Dynasty (1526–1540 and 1555–1857)
				Important Rulers
				Decline of the Mughal Empire
			The Marathas, the Sikhs and the Jats
				The Marathas (1649–1748)
				The Sikhs
				The Jats
				Important Rulers
		MODERN INDIA
			East India Company and British rule
				The English Conquest of Bengal
				War with Marathas
				The Mysore Wars
				The Anglo-Afghan Wars
				The Anglo-Sikh Wars
				Other Important Wars
			British rule
				Governor-generals of India and Reforms
			Viceroys of India
			Reforms Under the British
			Economic Impact of the British Rule
		INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
			First war of Independence
				The Beginning of the Revolt
				Failure of the Revolt
				Causes of Failure of the Mutiny
			British Rule After the 1857 Revolt
				Government of India Act 1858
				Awakening of Masses with Respect to Economic Exploitation by the British
				Growth of Education
				Socio-Religious Reform Movements
			The Indigo Revolt of 1859–60
			The Indian National Congress
			Partition of Bengal (October 16, 1905)
				Reasons for Partition of Bengal
			Swadeshi Movement (1905)
			Muslim League (1906)
			Swaraj
			Surat Congress (December 26, 1907)
			Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
			Home Rule Movement (1915–1916)
			Lucknow Pact (1916)
			August Declaration of 1917
			The Gandhian Era (1918–1947)
			Rowlatt Act (1919)
			Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
			Khilafat Movement (1920)
			Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
			Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
			Swaraj Party (1923)
			Simon Commission (1927)
			Lahore Session (1929)
			Dandi March (1930)
			The First Round Table Conference (1930)
			Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931)
			The Second Round Table Conference (1931)
			The Communal Award (1932)
			Poona Pact (1932)
			The Third Round Table Conference (1932)
			Demand for Pakistan (1940)
			The Government of India Act (1935)
			Quit India Movement (1942–1945)
			Gandhiji’s Fast
			Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946)
			Azad Hind Fauj
			Direct Action Campaign
			Interim Government
			Formation of Constituent Assembly
			Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)
			The Indian Independence Act (1947)
			Partition of India
				India After Independence
		RECENT POLITICAL HISTORY OF INDIA (POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA)
			India—Immediately After Independence
			First Border Disputes in Sovereign India
			Pakistan War of 1971
			Janata Party Comes to Power
				Fall of Desai’s Government
			Entry of Rajiv Gandhi
			Presidential Rule in Assam
			The Punjab Problem
			Assassination of Indira Gandhi
			Mizoram Issue
			The Bofors Scandal
			Formation of National Front
			National Front Comes to Power
			Mandal Commission
			Ayodhya Issue
			Chandra Shekhar becomes Prime Minister
			Unrest in Tamil Nadu and LTTE
			Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
			Rise of BJP in the Indian Political Scene
			No-Confidence Test of Rao Government
			Beginning of Downfall of Congress (I)
			Hawala Scandal
			Story of Prime Minister for 13 Days
			Birth of the United Front
			I. K. Gujral as New Prime Minister
			Entry of Sonia Gandhi in Politics
			K. R. Narayanan—First ‘Dalit’ President ofIndia
			Fall of Gujral’s Government
			Sonia Gandhi, Congress (I)’s Trump Card
			Atal Bihari Vajpayee Becomes ‘PM’ Again
				Kargil War (1999)
			Congress Back to Power in 2004 General Elections
			Congress Remained in Power in 2009 General Election
			BJP-Led NDA Gained Power in 2014 General Election
				Important Dates in the Indian History
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Indus Valley Civilization
			The Vedic Period: The Aryans
			Emergence of Mahajanapadasor Kingdoms
			Growth of Buddhism and Jainism
			Magadha Empire (Sixth Century–fourth Century bce)
			Alexander’s Invasion (Greek Invasion)
			The Mauryan Empire (320 – 180 bce)
			The Gupta Dynasty (ce 3209–550)
			Harshavardhana (ce 606–647)
			The Rajputs (ce 650–1200)
			Medieval India
			The Mughal Dynasty (1526–1540and 1555–1857)
			Modern India
			East India Company and British Rule
			British Rule
			Viceroys of India
			Indian Freedom Struggle
			British Rule After the 1857 Revolt
			Formation of Constituent Assembly
		Answers
	Chapter 2 Constitution of India
		DRAFTING OF THE CONSTITUTION
			Salient Features
			The Preamble
			Nature of Citizenship in the Indian Republic
			Fundamental Rights
				Part III (Articles 12–35)
			Directive Principles
				Part IV (Articles 36–51)
				Difference between FRs and DirectivePrinciples of State Policy
			Duties of a Citizen of India
			Machinery of the Union Government
				Part V (Articles 52–151)
				Vice President of India
				Functions
				The Prime Minister
				Council of Ministers
				The Parliament
				Rajya Sabha
				State-wise Seats Allocation in Rajya Sabha
				Lok Sabha
				The House of People (Lok Sabha)
				Sessions of Parliament
				The Union List, State List, and Concurrent List
				Parliamentary Committees
				Consultative Committees
				Estimates Committee
				Public Accounts Committee
				Committee on Public Undertakings
				Parliamentary Privileges
			The Judiciary
				Supreme Court of India
				Union Public Service Commission
				Staff Selection Commission
				Election Commission (Article 324)
				The Attorney-General of India
				The Comptroller and Auditor General of India
				Finance Commission
			The State Executive
			The Governor
		STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
			The Chief Minister
		THE STATE LEGISLATURE
			Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)
			Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
		THE STATE JUDICIARY
			High Court
			Advocate-General
				Subordinate Courts
				Districts and Session Courts
				The Designation System
				Family Courts
				Lok Adalats and Nyaya Panchayats
				Important Processes in the Indian Judiciary System
				Central Administrative Tribunal
		MISCELLANEOUS CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
			General Elections
				First General Elections
				Mid-term Elections
				By-election
			Political Parties
			Special Position of Jammu and Kashmirin the Indian Union
				Article 2 of the Constitution of India
			Centre–State Relationships
			Official Language
			Constitutional Safeguards for SC/STs
			Welfare of Minorities
			Panchayats—as Rural Self-Governing Institutions
				Nyaya Panchayats
				Structure of the Panchayati Raj
				Sessions of Parliament
				What Is an Ordinance?
				Ordinary Bills
				Question Hour
			Motions and Resolutions
				Procedure to Move a Motion in the Parliament
				Adjournment Motion
			Amendment of the Constitution
				Procedure (Article 368)
				Important Constitutional Amendments
			List of Schedules
				First Schedule
				Second Schedule
				Third Schedule
				Fourth Schedule
				Fifth Schedule
				Sixth Schedule
				Seventh Schedule
				Eighth Schedule
				Ninth Schedule
				Tenth Schedule
				Eleventh Schedule
				Twelfth Schedule
			States and Union Territories of India
			The Budget
				Indian Budget
				The Pre-Budget Economic Survey
				Vote-on-Account
				Demands for Grants with Regard to the Budget
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Drafting of the Constitution
			State Council of Ministers
			The State Legislature
			The State Judiciary
			Miscellaneous Constitutional Provisions
		Answers
	Chapter 3 Population of India
		CENSUS
			Census 2011
		RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
			Sex Ratio
			Child Sex Ratio
		LITERACY RATE
		NATIONAL POPULATION PPLICY, 2000
		Topic-wise Assessment
			CENSUS
		Answers
	Chapter 4 National Awards, Culture and Literature
		NATIONAL AWARDS
			Republic Day Awards (Civilian Awards)
			Gallantry Awards
			Other Awards
				Dadasaheb Phalke Award
				Arjuna Award
				Dronacharya Award
				Dhyan Chand Award for Life-Time Achievement in Sports
				Bharatiya Jnanpith Award
				International Gandhi Peace Prize
				Borlaug Award
				Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament andDevelopment
				Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar (SSB) Awards
		CULTURAL AND LITERARY ACTIVITIES
			Lalit Kala Akademi
			Sahitya Akademi
			Sangeet Natak Akademi
			Museums
				National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)
				National Museum
				Indian Museum
				Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
				Allahabad Museum
				Salar Jung Museum
			Literature National Book Trust
			Dances of India
			Important Regional Dances
			Other Important Dances/Dance Dramas
			Musical Instruments and Musicians
		Topic-wise Assessment
			National Awards
			Cultural and Literary Activities
		Answers
	Chapter 5 Geography of India
		GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF INDIA
			location
			Dimensions
			Frontiers
		PHYSICAL FEATURES
			Himalayan Range
			Northern Plains
			Deccan Plateau
			Coastal Plains
			Islands
				Andaman and Nicobar
				Lakshadweep
		SOILS
			Alluvial Soil
			Black Soil
			Red Soil
			Laterite Soil
		RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA
			Himalayan System
			Deccan system
			Third River System
		CLIMATE
			Monsoons
		FORESTS IN INDIA
			Types of Forests in India
		AGRICULTURE
			Land Utilization
			Agricultural Scenario in India
			Agricultural Marketing
			Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI)
			Marketing Reforms in Agriculture Sector
			Advances in Indian Agriculture PolicyFramework for Agricultural Extension (PFAE)
			Green Revolution
			Fertilizers
				Nitrogenous Fertilizers
				Phosphatic Fertilizers
				Potassic Fertilizers—K2O
			irrigation
				Methods of Irrigation
		MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA
			Other Minerals
		INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
			Indian Cities on River Banks
			Important Indian Cities
		NATI ONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
			National Parks
			Wildlife Sanctuaries
			Project Tiger
			Project Elephant
		IMPORTA NT MONUMENTS: INDIA
		INDIAN TRIBES AND THEIR HABITAT
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Locations, Dimensions and Frontiers
			Physical Features
			Islands
			Soils
			River Systems of India
			Climate
			Agriculture
			Mineral Resources in India
			Indian States and Union Territories
			National parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
			Important Monuments: India
			Indian Tribes and their Habitat
		Answers
	Chapter 6 Indian Economy
		PLANNING IN INDIA
			Historical Background
			The NITI Aayog
			Planning Commission
			Five-Year Plans
				First Plan (1951–52 to 1955–56)
				Second Plan (1956–57 to 1960–61)
				Third Plan (1961–62 to 1965–66)
				Fourth Plan (1969–74)
				Fifth Plan (1974–79)
				Sixth Plan
				Seventh Plan (1985–90)
				Eighth Plan
				Ninth Plan (1997–2002)
				Tenth Plan (2002–07)
				Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017)
				Resource Allocation Priorities in 12th Plan
				Twelfth Plan: Monitorable Targets
				Economic Growth
				Poverty and Employment
				Education
				Health
				Infrastructure Including Rural Infrastructure
				Environment and Sustainability
				Service Delivery
			Poverty Line
				Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes
				Recent Employment Related Schemes and Programmes
				Core objectives of the MGNREGS
				Goals of MGNREGA
				Paradigm Shift in the Implementation of MGNREGA
				Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAANJHI)
				Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission [NationalRurban Mission (NRuM)]
				National Social Assistance Progamme
				Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
				Scheme listed under STEP
				National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015
			Literacy and Education
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Education Related
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Finance, Insurance andSocial Welfare Related
				Medical Health Care and Family Welfare
				Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN)
				Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Health Related
				List of Schemes/Programmes—Miscellaneous
				New Schemes Launched by Prime Minister of India—Narendra Modi
				Human Development Index (HDI)
				Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (IHD)
				Gender Development Index (GDI)
				Gender Inequality Index (GII)
				Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
		CURRENCY SYSTEM
			Historical Background
				Decimal System
				Issue and Distribution of Currency
				Coins
				Currency Denominations
			Devaluation of Currency
		PUBLIC FINANCE
			Sources of Revenue
			Annual Financial Budget
			Public Debt
		GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)
			The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
				GST Replace These Taxes
				DUAL ‘GST’—CGST and SGST
				System of Taxation Under Central GST (CGST)and State GST (SGST)
				Integrated GST (IGST)
		BANKING SYSTEM
			Composition of Banking System
			Development of Banking System in India
			Narasimham Committee Report on Banking-Sector Reforms
				P.J. Nayak Committee Reforms
				Government’s Share-holding in PSBs
				G. Gopalkrishna Committee
			Reserve Bank of India
				Legal Framework of the RBI
			Imperial Bank of India
			Scheduled Banks
				Micro Units Development Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank
				Regional Rural Banks
				Co-operative Banks
				Payment Banks
			Public Sector Banks
				New Brand Identify of SBI
				Merging of subsidiaries of SBI into the SBI
			Nationalization of Banks
		OTHER IMPORTANT BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
			NBFC & MFI
				Some Important Types of NBFCs are
				Gold loan NBFCs in India
			Other Banks
				Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of IndiaLimited (ICICI)
			New Banks in Private Sectors
			A Brief on Banking-Sector Reforms in India
				Impacts of Reforms on the Indian Banking Industry
				Regulatory Reforms (Prudential Regulations)
				What’s Needed to Improve Overall Efficiency of BakingSector in India
				RBI’s Push to Government on Banking Reforms
				Indradhanush
				Banks Board Bureau (BBB)
			Monetary and Credit Policy
			Insurance
				Public-Sector Insurance Companies
				Life Insurance Corporation (LIC)
				General Insurance Corporation (GIC)
			National Pension System
			Social Security Group Scheme
				Insurance Statistics
			Social Security Scheme - Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana
			Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
				IRDA Timelines
				Major Health and Family Welfare Programme by Government of India
		DISINVESTMENT
			Policy Framework
			National Investment Fund (NIF)
			Unit Trust of India (UTI)
		STOCK EXCHANGES
			Securities and Exchange Board of India
		MINTS AND PRESSES
		INDUSTRIAL FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
			Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
			The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd (ICICI)
			Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
			State Financial Corporations
			Small Industries DevelopmentBank of India (SIDBI)
			Unit Trust of India (UTI)
			Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India (IRBI)
		INDUSTRIES
			Background
			Large-Scale Industries
			Various Organizations Connected withIndustries
			Petroleum and Natural Gases
				Corporations
				Oil Refineries
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Planning in India
			Currency System
			Public Finance
			Banking System
			Reforms in Rural and CooperativeBanking Sector
			Disinvestment
			Stock Exchanges
			Mints and Presses
			Industrial Finance Institutions
			Industries
			Large-Scale Industries
		Answers
	Chapter 7 Communication and Transport Systems
		POSTAL SERVICES
			Postal Circles
				Modernization of Mail Transmission and Processing
				Rural Business (RB) Division
			Quick Mail Service (QMS)
			Speed Post Services
			Agency Functions
				Jan Suraksha Schemes
				Sukanya Samriddhi Account
				Retailing of Mutual Funds
				International Money Transfer Service
				PLI and RPLI
				Core Banking Solution (CBS) Project
				Indian Post Payments Bank (IPPB)
		TELECOMMUNICATIONS
			Indian Telecom Sector
			New Frontiers of Growth
				4G and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services
				Value-Added Services (VAS)
				Unified Licence Regime (Envisaged in NTP-2012, and Issued in August 2013)
				Access Services
				National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN)
				The National Frequency Plan (NFAP)
				Wireless Monitoring Organization (WMO)
				Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO)
				Autonomous Bodies in Telecom Sector
				Statutory Bodies in Telecom Sector
				TCOES
			Projects in the Pipeline
				BharatNet Mission
				Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
		MEDIA
			Newspapers and Periodicals
				Old Publications from India
			News Agencies
			All India Radio (AIR)
			Mann Ki Baat
			Doordarshan (DD)
		INDIAN RAILWAYS
			Rail Tracks
			Administration
			Traction
			Public Undertakings (PSUs) and Other Organizations
				Indian Railways—Research and Development
				Security in Indian Railways—The Railway Protection Force (RPF)
		SHIPPING
			Shipping Corporation of India
			Shipping Companies
			Shipyards
			Training Institutions
			Major Ports in India
			National Waterways
			Areas of Maritime Interest for India
				Primary Areas
				Secondary Areas
		AIR TRANSPORT
			Three Levels of Air Transport in India
			Policy Framework
			SWOT Anaysis of Indian Aviation Industry
				Strengths
				Weaknesses
				Threats
				Opportunities
			Strategy Plan for Indian Aviation Industry
			Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
			Airport Authority of India
				Major Airports of India
			Creation of Heliport
		ROAD NETWORKS IN INDIA
			History
			Other Facts About Roads in India
			Classification of Roads in India and Authority Responsible
				Bharatmala Project
				Setu Bharatam Programme
				Green Highway Policy, 2015
			G.T. Road
			National Highways
			Road Transport and Road Safety
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Postal Services
			Telecommunications
			Media
			Indian Railways
			Shipping
			Air Transport
			Road Networks in India
		Answers
	Chapter 8 Defence and Security
		INDIAN DEFENCE
			India’s Defence Set-Up
				Organizational Set-up
			The Indian Armed Forces
				Readiness of Future Wars
				Nuclear War Readiness
			Integrated Defence Staff
			The Chiefs of Staff Committee
				Composition of COSC
				Functions of the COSC
				Republic of India
			Battle Tanks
			Indian Air force
				No. of Commands: Seven Commands
			Organizational Structure by Squadrons
				Aircraft
			Developments in Air Force
			Chiefs of Air Staff
			Indian Navy
			Organizational Hierarchy at Indian Navy
			Naval Authorities under Administrative Control of Flag Officers Commanding Chiefs
			A Peek into India’s Naval Fleet
			Aircrafts and Helicopters
			Chiefs of Naval Staff
			Location of Defence Establishments
			The Department of Defence Production
				Exports of Defence Equipment
				Ordnance Factory Board (OFB)
				Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
				Bharat Electronics Limited
				Bharat Earth Movers Limited
				Bharat Dynamics Limited
				Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL), Mumbai
				Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineering Limited, Kolkata
				Goa Shipyard Limited
				Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
				Hindustan Shipyard Limited
		INDIA’S INTERNAL SECURITY
			Central Police Organizations
				Intelligence Bureau (IB)
				Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
				Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPRD)
				National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
				National Investigation Agency (NIA)
				Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (NPA), Hyderabad
				North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong
				National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (NICFS)
				Assam Rifles (AR)
			Central Armed Police Forces
				Border Security Force (BSF)
				Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
			Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
				Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
				Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
				National Security Guard (NSG)
			Other Important Defence and Security Institutions
				Coast Guard
				National Cadet Corps (NCC)
				Territorial Army
				Home Guards
				Rapid Action Force (RAF)
				Rashtriya Rifles
				Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
			Role of Women in the Armed Forces
		Topic-wise Assessment
			Indian Defence
			Indian Army
			Indian Air Force
			Indian Navy
			The Department of Defence Production (DDP)
			Indian Internal Security
		Answers
	Chapter 9 Science and Technology
		HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
			Key Milestones
			Policy Vision—STI 2013
			Key Elements—STI 2013
		SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T) ACTIVITIES IN INDIA
			Central Government S&T Departments
		DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
			Professional S&T Bodies in India
			Important Autonomous S&T Institutions of India
			Science and Engineering Research Board
			National Geographical Information System
			National Mission on Nano Scienceand Technology
			National Missions on Climate Change
			National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board
				Technology Business Incubators
				Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centres
				i-STED (Innovation, Science and Technology-LedEntrepreneurship Development): Programme
				STED Programme
				DST-Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth Programme 2013
			National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization
			Survey of India
			National Map Policy (Rashtriya Manchitran Niti)
			National Topographical Data Base
		DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
			Atomic Energy Commission
				R&D Sector
				Public Sector
				Allied Institutions
				Industrial Sector
				Service Organizations
			Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
				Safety of Nuclear Plants
				Role of Nuclear Power in India
				Nuclear Waste Management
				Nuclear Waste Treatment Methodologies
		DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
		DEPARTMENT OF SPACE
			ISRO Centres
			Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
			Saga-220
		THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
		MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES
			The Earth System Science Organization
			National Centre for Antarctic and OceanResearch (NCAOR)
				Antarctic Research Programme
				Arctic Research Programme
				Southern Ocean Programme
				National Polar Data Centre (NPDC)
			Circumnavigation
		DEPARTMENT OF BIO-TECHNOLOGY
			Centres of Excellence and Innovationin Biotechnology (CEIB)
			Bioinformatics
			The Biotechnology Information System Network (BTISnet)
			The National Bio-resource Development Board (NBDB)
			International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
			Autonomous Institutions under the Department of Biotechnology
			PSUs under the Department of Biotechnology
		THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICALRE SEARCH
			List of ICMR Institutes/Centres
			India’s First in Medical Researchand Technology
				First Test Tube Baby
				First Kidney Transplant
				Open Heart Surgery
				First Test Tube Calf
				First Thalassaemia
		THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
			ICAR Institutions
				Four Deemed Universities
				47 ICAR Institutions
				Six National Bureaux
				Twenty-five Project Directorates
				Eighteen National Research Centres
				Eight Zonal Project Directorates, with 633 Krishi VigyanKendras (KVKs)
				Other Related Institutions
		INDIA’S SPACE PROGRAMME
			Indian Space Establishments
			Satellite Programme
			Space Research Programme
				Chandrayan Mission
				Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
			Other Space Science Missions
				AEROSTAT
				Aditya I
				SATNAV Programme
				GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
				Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
				Some Applications of IRNSS are
			Recent GSLV South Asia Launch
			Important Feats/Personalities Related to Indian Space Programmes
				India’s First Man in Space
				Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003)
				Sunita L. Williams (1965– )
		INDIA’S ATOMIC RESEARCH
			Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
				BARC’s Atomic Reactors
				BARC’s Research Centres
			Nuclear Power Projects in India
			Table—Atomic Power Plants (Under Construction)
			Table—Nuclear Power Projects for Starting of Work during XII Five-Year Plan
		INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAMME
			Agni System
				Variants
			Prithvi System
				Variants
			Akash System
			Trishul System
			Nag System
				Variants
			Astra Missile
			Brahmos Missile
			Other Missiles
		OTHER INDIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
		Topic-wise Assessment
			History of National Policies in Scienceand Technology in India
			Department of Science and Technology
			Department of Atomic Energy
			Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
			Department of Space
			The Departmentof Defence Research and Development
			Ministry of Earth Sciences
			The Indian Council of Medical Research
			Department of Bio-Technology
			The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
			India’s Space Programme
			India’s Atomic Research
			India’s Missile Programme
			Other Indian Research and Development Organizations
		Answers
	Chapter 10 National Insignia and Other Facts
		INTRODUCTION
		NATIONAL INSIGNIA
			National Flag
				Significance of Colours
			National Emblem
			National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana)
			National Song (Vande Mataram)
			National Calendar (Saka)
			National Animal
			National Bird
			National Flower, National Tree andNational Fruit
			National Language
			National Day
			Other Important Days
			The People
			The Arts
		GENERAL ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES
			Political Parties
				Major National Political Organizations
				Major Regional Political Organizations
				Tamil Manila Congress
				Telangana Rashtra Samithi
				Major Alliances
				Abbreviations Used for Political Parties
		RECORD MAKERS (INDIA)
		WORLD RECORDS HELD BY INDIA
			Trade and Industry
			Agriculture/Natural Resources
			Buildings/Roads/Bridges
			Miscellaneous
			Individual Achievements
		INDIA’S SUPERLATIVES
		Topic-wise Assessment
			National Insignia
			General Elections and Political Parties
			Record Makers (India)
			World Records Held by India
			India’s Superlatives
		Answers
SECTION D
	Current Affairs
		National Current Affairs
			SHRI RAM NATH KOVIND—14th PRESIDENT OF INDIA
				About the President
			SHRI MUPPAVARAPU VENKAIAHNAIDU-13TH VICE PRESIDENTOF INDIA
			2017 ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS
				Yogi Adityanath—the New Chief Ministerof Uttar Pradesh
				Captain Amrinder Singh—the New ChiefMinister of Punjab
				Trivendra Singh Rawat—the New ChiefMinister of Uttarakhand
				Manohar Parrikar—the New ChiefMinister of Goa
				Nongthombam Biren Singh—the New ChiefMinister of Manipur
				Edappadi K Palaniswami—the New CM ofTamil Nadu
				Tamil Nadu Political Crisis after Deathof J. Jayalalithaa
			GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST )
				Need for GST
				Understanding GST
				Roadmap
				Fears and Concern of the State Governments
				Salient Features of the ProposedIndian GST System
				Benefits of GST
				Benefits for Business and Industry
				Benefi ts for Central and State Governments
				Benefi ts for Consumer
			INDIA DEMONETIZESITS CURRENCY
				Do You Know What Demonetization Means?
				Did India demonetize ever before?
				Key Announcements by PM NarendraModi on New Year (January 1, 2017)
				Monsoon Session 2017 of Indian Parliament
			OTHER NATIONAL NEWS
				Selfie-With-Daughter APP
				Trade Mark Rules 2017
				The Maternity Benefits (Amendment)Bill, 2016 Passed
				Presidential Election, 2017 – Right to vote ornot to vote
				Cabinet Approves IIIT (Public–PrivatePartnership) Bill, 2017
				Amendments to Legal Metrology
				BCCI’s New Constitution
				Cyber Swachhta Kendra
				Task Force to Crack Down on Benami Firms
				Green Growth Equity Fund Announced
				IRCTC New catering Policy – 2017
				GARV–II an Upgraded App for MonitoringElectrification
				PowerTex India to Strengthen and ModernizeHandloom Sector
				Payment of Wages (Amendment)Ordinance
				Swatch Swasth Sarvatra
				Enemy Property (Amendment andValidation) Fifth Ordinance
				JIGYASA–A Student-Scientist Connect Programme
				Scheme for IPR Awareness – Creative India;Innovative India
				Issue of Videos on Jaravas Tribe: NSTC takes action
				Bill of Rights of Persons with Disabilities
			NEWS FROM STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES
				Andhra Pradesh
				Arunachal Pradesh
				Assam
				Chhattisgarh
				Bihar
				Delhi
				Goa
				Gujarat
				Haryana
				Jammu and Kashmir
				Jharkhand
				Karnataka
				Kerala
				Madhya Pradesh
				Maharashtra
				Manipur
				Meghalaya
				Nagaland
				Punjab
				Telangana
				Tamil Nadu
				West Bengal
			SUPREME COURT VERDICTS
				SC Makes Legal Services Affordable
				SC Directs Centre to Link All Mobile Numbers with Aadhar
				SC Directs Government to Prepare Plan for Eradication of Leprosy
			ART AND CULTURE
				Declaration of Historic City of Ahmadabad as a UNESCO’s World Heritage Property
				Holistic Development of Islands
				Swadesh Darshan Scheme
				Second Edition of Hunar Haat Held
				Suraj Kund Craft Fair 2017
				India’s First Sport MuseumOpens at Kolkata
				Kishori Amonkar Passes Away
				Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna
			HEALTH AND DISEASES
				SOHUM–An Innovative NewbornHearing Screening Device
				CIO Inaugurated for Prevention andManagement of Cancer
				Drug Testing Labs at Airports
			DEFENCE AND SECURITY
				Change of Guards
				Navy Plane TU–142 M lands at INS Degafor the Last time
				Successful Launch of Agni-V Missile
				Successful Test Firing of AAD Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor Missile
				CSL Completes Construction of 20 FPVSeries-Vessel
			SCIENCE and TECHNOLO GY
				Launch of GSAT-17
				ISRO—GSLV Mk III Launch
				Construction of New PHWR
				Aarambh–a Mobile App for Road Maintenance launched
				South Asian Satellite
				ISRO’s Record Space Launch
				‘India Quake’ – An App for EarthquakeParameter Dissemination
				‘Science Express’ for Climate Change Awareness
				Indian Institute of Information Technology Public Private Partnership(IIIT-PPP) Bill, 2017
				Chandrayaan-2 Launch Planned
				GSAT-19 Update
				SAAW Tested Successfully
				China’s TAN SAT Satellite
			ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY
				Efforts for the success of Namami Gange Programme
				Paris Climate Deal Update
				COP22
				International Solar Alliance (ISA)
				Ken-Betwa ILR Project
				China’s Environment Tax
				Cyclone Vardah
				Miscellaneous
		International Affairs
			TURKEY’S REFERENDUM
			FRANCE
			OTHER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
				Turkmenistan
				Hungary
				Gambia, The
				Ecuador
				Rwanda
				Haiti
				Somalia
				Republic of Serbia
				India
				Iran
				Singapore
				South Korea
			NEWS FROM NATIONS
				South Korea
				Palestine
				Panama
				Brazil
				Nepal
				Pakistan
				China
				Japan
				Columbia
				France
				Afghanistan
				UK
				Italy
				Turkey
				Romania
				Thailand
			BILATERAL /MULTILATERALRELATIONS
				China–Myanmar
				India–Israel
				India–Germany
				China–Pakistan
				India–Russia
				India–Brazil
				India–Mauritius–Seychelles
				India–UAE
			SUMMIT AND CONFERENCES
				India–UN
				India–ASEAN
				BIMSTEC
				Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)
				International Counter TerrorismConference
				New President of United NationsGeneral Assembly Elected
				IORA Leaders’ Summit
		Indian Economy
			OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
				Economic survey 2016–17
			OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK FOR POLICY
				State of the Economy—An Analytical
				As regards Outlook for Growth 2017–18
				Review of Economic Developments2016–17
				Fiscal Developments
				Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation
				Prices and Inflation
				Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Energy
				External Sector
				Industry and Infrastructure
				Services Sector
				Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development
			UNION BUDGET 2017–18
				Some Key Data tables/Charts
				Highlights of Important Sectors
			MISCELLANEOUS ECONOMIC SECTOR NEWS
				New Currency Notes-`200 denomination
				Google’s Android Pay
				5G Spectrum Auction
				Infusion of Capital in PSBs
				India’s Contribution to UN Fund and Programmes
				Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM)
				Merger of Associate Bank with the SBI
				ADB Loan for India to Improve Solar Transmission System
		Awards and Honours
			CIVILIAN AWARDS
			MILITARY AWARDS
			LITERATURE
				International
				Beauty Pageant Awards
			SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
				National
			FILM/MUSIC
				National
				Special Mention
				Best Feature Film In Each of The Languages Other Than Those Specifi edin Schedule Viii of The Constitution
				Special Mention
				International
			INDUSTRY/BUSINESS/CORPORATE/SERVICE
				National
				International
				Sports
		Sports and Tournament
			ICC CHAMPIONS TROPHY 2017
				ICC Women’s World Cup 2017 (June 24-July 23, 2017)
			TENNIS GRAND SLAMS 2017
				Wimbledon 2017
				Australian Open 2017
				French Open 2017
				Champions
				Wimbledon 2017
				Tournament Results
				Tennis
				Cricket
				Badminton
				Golf
				Swimming
				17th FINA World Championship 2017(July 14-30, 2017) Budapest, Hungary
				Archery
				Athletics
				Baseball
				Basketball
				Chess
				Cycling
				Hockey
				Handball
				Shooting
				Snooker
				Squash
				Weightlifting
		Who’s Who—India and World
			WHO’S WHO—India
				Council of Minister
			GOVERNORS
			LT.GOVER NORS AND ADMINISTRATORS
			CHIEF MINISTERS
				Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon’ble Judges Arranged According To Date of Appointment as on September 2017
				Chief of Armed Forces
			WHO’S WHO—WORLD
				United Nations
				Political and Economic Organizations
				European Union (EU)
				Financial Organizations
				Sports Organizations
				Other Organizations
				Heads of States/Nations
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
	SECTION A — THE WORLD
		Answer Keys
	SECTION B — EVERYDAY SCIENCE
		Answer Keys
	SECTION C — INDIA
		Answer Keys