Pearson Foundation Series Biology Class 8 eight

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter Insights
Series Chapter Flow
Chapter 1: Cell—The Basic Unit of Life
	Introduction
	Cell—the Basic Unit of Life
		Discovery of Cell
		Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
		Cell Theory
		Size of Cell
		Shape of Cell
		Types of Cells
			Prokaryotic Cells
			Eukaryotic Cells
			Cell Organelles
			Comparative Study of Animal and Plant Cells
			Various Organelles and their Role in Cell
	Cell Division
		Cell Division in Prokaryotes
		Cell Division in Eukaryotes
			Mitosis
			Meiosis
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 2: Tissues and Body Movements
	Introduction
	Plant Tissue
		Meristematic Tissue
		Permanent Tissue
			Simple Permanent Tissue
			Complex Permanent Tissues
			Epidermal Tissue
	Animal Tissue
		Epithelial Tissue
		Connective Tissue
		Muscular Tissue
		Nervous Tissue
	Body Movements
		Cilia
		Flagella
		Pseudopodia (False Feet)
		Muscles
	Skeletal System
		Axial Skeleton
		Appendicular Skeleton
		Joints
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 3: Classification of Living Organisms
	Introduction
	Hierarchy of Classification
	Binomial Nomenclature
		Universal Rules of Nomenclature
		Need for Binomial Nomenclature
	History of Classification
		Aristotle’s Classification
		Two-kingdom Classification
			Linnaeus Two-kingdom Classification
		Three-kingdom Classification
		Five-kingdom Classification
			Monera
			Protista
			Fungi
			Plantae
			Animalia
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 4: Reproduction in Animals and Plants
	Introduction
	Reproduction in Animals
		Asexual Reproduction
			Binary Fission
			Budding
			Fragmentation
		Sexual Reproduction
			Male Reproductive Organs
			Female Reproductive Organs
			Ovum or Egg
		Fertilization
			Types of Fertilization
		Development of Zygote to Embryo
		Stages of Human Reproduction
	Growth and Development in Human Beings
		Infancy
		Childhood
		Adolescence and Puberty
			Role of Hormones
			Hormones in Puberty
			Menstrual Cycle in Females
		Adulthood
		Old Age
		Viviparous and Oviparous Animals
		Metamorphosis
	Reproduction in Plants
		Asexual Reproduction
			Spore Formation
		Vegetative Propagation
			Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation
			Artificial Methods of Vegetative Propagation
		Sexual Reproduction in Plants
			Structure of Flower
			Stamen or Androecium
			Carpel or Gynoecium
		Pollination
			Natural Pollination
			Artificial Pollination
		Fertilization
			Seed Formation
			Seed Dispersal
			Seed Germination
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 5: Microorganisms and Human Health
	Introduction
	Useful Microorganisms
		Microorganisms in Food Industry
		Microorganisms in Medicinal Industry
		Microorganisms in Agricultural Practices
		Microorganisms in Commercial Industries
	Harmful Microorganisms
	Human Health and Immunity
		Immune System
			Components of Immune System
			Working of Immune System
	Human Diseases
		Type of Diseases
			Infectious Diseases
			Non-infectious Diseases
		Drug and Alcohol Abuse
		Ways to Maintain Proper Health
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 6: Ecosystem and Biodiversity
	Introduction
	Components of an Ecosystem
		Producers
		Consumers
		Decomposers
		Food Chain and Food Web
			Trophic Levels
			Biomagnification
	Natural Resources
		Renewable Resources
		Non-renewable Resources
			Depletion of Natural Resources
		Fossil Fuels
			Coal
			Petroleum
			Conservation of Fossil Fuels
		Forests
			Importance of Trees
			Deforestation
			Conservation of Forests
	Pollution
		Air Pollution
			Effects of Air pollution
			Steps to Control Air Pollution
		Water Pollution
			Effects of Water Pollution
			Steps to Control Water Pollution
		Soil Pollution
			Effects of Soil Pollution
			Steps to Control Soil Pollution
	Biodiversity
		Biodiversity Hotspot
		Threat to Biodiversity
	Wildlife and its Conservation
		In Situ Conservation
			National Parks
			Sanctuary
			Biosphere Reserve
		Ex Situ Conservation
			Zoological Garden
			Botanical Garden
		Threatened Species and Red Data Book
		Important Days in Nature Conservation
		Main Organizations Related to Conservation
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 7: Food—Production and Management
	Introduction
	Crops
	Agricultural Practices
		Ploughing
			Advantages of Ploughing
			Tools Used for Ploughing the Field
		Sowing
		Addition of Manure and Fertilizers
		Irrigation
			Types of Irrigation
		Weeding
		Harvesting
		Storage
	Plant Improvement Programes
		Hybridization
		Genetic Engineering
	Animal Husbandry
		Dairy Farming
		Poultry Farming
			Types of Chickens
		Sericulture
			Life Cycle of Bombyxmori
			Production of Silk
		Apiculture
		Pisciculture
		Animal Breeding
			Draught Animals
			Green Revolution
	Animal Diseases
		Livestock Diseases
		Poultry Diseases
		Silkworm Diseases
		Honeybee Diseases
		Fish Diseases
	Useful Microorganisms
		Algae
		Fungi
		Bacteria
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Supplement Reading : Scope of Science
	Introduction
	Science
		Branches of Science
		How do Scientists Work?
			Observation
			Asking Questions
			Hypothesis
			Experimentation
			Data Analysis and Conclusion
			Communicate Results
		Work of a Scientist: An Example
		Famous Scientists and their Contributions
	Science in Everyday Life
	Science for Human Welfare
	Future of Science
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Photo Credits
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index