Peace Journalism, War and Conflict Resolution

Cover
Contents
Foreword
Introduction: Why peace journalism matters
	The emergence of the notion of peace journalism
	Shifting the focus
	Debating Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model
	Peace journalism theory and practice in an international context
	On the potential of web-based activism
	Critiquing (and transforming) the mainstream
	Peace and pedagogy
	The future
	Notes
	References
Section 1. Peace Journalism: New Theoretical Positions
	1. Non-violence in philosophical and media ethics
		Social contract theory
		Dialogic theory
		Spiritual dimension of the human
		Holistic humans
		Taoism
		Golden rule
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	2. Recovering agency for the propaganda model: The implications for reporting war and peace
		Herman, Chomsky and media sociology
		War propaganda and CIA penetration of the media
		William Laurence’s double act – working for The Times and the government
		Judith Miller – spreading fear of WMD
		Michael Gordon and the misreporting of Iran
		‘As though’ reporting of the Iranian nuclear ‘threat’
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	3. Peace journalism as political practice: A new, radical look at the theory
		Peace journalism as ‘revolutionary’ political practice
		The Independent: Not so independent
		Peace journalism as a form of political practice: Working within the mainstream
		The historical role of the alternative media – from the French Revolution to Iran today
		Don’t hate the media – be the media: The crucial role of the alternative media
		The role of radical alternative journalists
		The role of radical intellectuals
		The role of research centres
		Political activists doubling as media activists
		‘Citizen journalists’
		Peace movement and human rights organisations
		Beyond ‘alternative utopianism’: The Iranian Revolution of 1979
		Countering the myth of revolutionary violence
		Conclusion: The right of all to journalism
		Notes
		References
	4. Propaganda, war, peace and the media
		The journalistic virility test over the fall of Saddam
		Defining propaganda
		How ‘balance’ promotes war
		Humanitarian warfare
		US foreign policy and the ‘nurturant parent’ frame
		Postmodern warfare
		Cascading activation
		Increasing influence of corporate PR over the news agenda
		Conclusion: The logic of peace journalism
		References
Section 2. Peace (Or Conflict Sensitive) Journalism: Theory and Practice in an International Context
	5. A global standard for reporting conflict and peace
		A global standard for reporting conflict
		Adaptations of the peace journalism model
		Research design: How would it work?
		Conclusion: Identifying war journalism as ‘harmful’, peace journalism as ‘psychologically beneficial’
		References
	6. When peace journalism and feminist theory join forces: A Swedish case study
		Women not valued as news
			Some of our findings
		The monitoring methodology
		How the media’s ‘logic’ excludes women’s voices
			Voice in their own right
			Ignored and ridiculed
		Heaping blame and putting to shame
			Lack of gender perspective – even within the peace journalism model
		Feminist theory and peace journalism
		How patriarchal norms are built into news making
			Do women make better peace journalists?
		Conclusion: A project in progress
		Notes
		References
	7. Crossing borders: The global influence of Indigenous media
		Declarations and apologies: Indigenous peoples on the world stage
		Structural violence theory, Indigenous media and conflict resolution
		Structural violence and media responsibility in Papua New Guinea
		Journalism and nonviolence: Mediation and conflict resolution in Mohawk territory
		Mapping the Indigenous media universe
			Australia
			Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)
			The United States
			Canada
			Inuit beyond borders
			Ainu in Japan
		From local to global: Indigenous media networks
		The Guatemala Radio Project
		The launch of World Indigenous Television
		Conclusions: Outlaws and visionaries: looking back and moving forward
		References
	8. Iraq and Dahr Jamail: War reporting from a peace perspective
		Media coverage of the invasion and occupation of Iraq: War journalism
		Dahr Jamail: Reporting people
		The second US assault on Fallujah in November 2004
		Dahr Jamail: Peace journalism in practice
		The aftermath
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	9. Are you a vulture? Reflecting on the ethics and aesthetics of atrocity coverage and its aftermath
		Introduction
		Practitioners’ perspectives
		The role of reflection in research
		Murder in Khairlanji
		Personal experience
		Ethics and aesthetics
		The vulture question
		Editorial guidelines and practitioner experience
		To conclude with questions
		Notes
		References
		Films
		Unpublished interviews
		Acknowledgement
	10. Social networks and the reporting of conflict
		Introduction
		Social media ‘come of age’ during India’s ‘9/11’
		Concerns over ‘re-tweeting’
		How the BBC made use of the new social media
		Mediating the Greek street protests 2008
		Social networking sites lead the way
		The ‘rise of a new global phenomenon’
		Bearing witness to the cost of war: Social media during the Israeli assault on Gaza
		Individualised and professional media intersect
		War without witnesses in Sri Lanka
		How online media highlighted civilian casualties
		Citizen media ‘helping the country towards peace’
		Conclusions: Social media rewriting the protocols of war reporting
		Notes
		References
	11. Building a peace journalists’ network from the ground: The Philippine experience
		Journalism in the Philippines
		PECOJON: Birth and development
		Peace is a dangerous word in a dangerous world
		Conflict-sensitive journalism instead of peace journalism
		Integrating theory and practice
		The need for long-term support
		The reality of market forces
		The journey ahead
		Networking and solidarity (continuing reform from within)
		Reorienting the market: Producer and consumer literacy (intervening in adjacent fields)
		Conclusions: Succeeding in a transformed market (building a parallel field)
		References
	12. Peace journalism in practice – Peace News: For nonviolent revolution
		The origins and early days
		The political economy of peace journalism
		‘A reflex of your minds’
		The conjunction of journalism and activism
		Peace News’s role within British social movement
		Counter-journalism
		Conclusion
		References
	13. Mediating peace? Military radio in the Balkans and Afghanistan
		Information warfare: Influencing activity in context
		Radio influencing as impression management
		Target audiences: The voiceless
		Interaction and influence: Opening dialogue
		Countering adversary influence: Orientation to solution
		Peace journalism and military radio: Inimical or aligned?
		Notes
		References
Section 3. Peace Journalism’s Critique: Transforming the Mainstream
	14. Conflict gives us identity: Media and ‘the Cyprus problem’
		Identity as a media construction and site of conflict
		Media and Cyprus
		Cypriot media narratives in times of hope
		Shifts in the discourse: From one Orientalist imagination to another
		Self-dislocation, criticism and denial
		The deeply contested past
		Little reduction in blaming and distrust
		Conclusions
		References
	15. The Peace Counts project: A promoter of real change or mere idealism?
		The project
		Classifying the Peace Counts project
		Between good and evil: Is Peace Counts consistent with human nature?
		Is Peace Counts a new concept?
		Is the key role of Peace Counts to put the findings from peace and conflict research into practice?
		To what extent is Peace Counts over-idealistic?
		Conclusion: Nothing to do with idealism – but real change
		Notes
		References
	16. Conscience and the press: Newspaper treatment of pacifists and conscientious objectors 1939–40
		Pacifist responses to the ‘good war’
		Transforming pacifists into pantomime eccentrics
		The press, conscientious objectors and the emergence of the ‘conchie’
		How the press delegitimised radical groups
		Yet positive reports about COs not infrequent
		Focusing on debates in local authorities
		Space for relaxed liberalism diminishing
		Conclusion: The best deal COs were likely to get
		References
		Websites
		Newspaper resources
	17. War as peace: The Canadian media in Afghanistan
		A peacekeeping nation
		Media salute war
		A close look at Toronto Star’s war journalism
		war journalism
		War – Canadian style
		‘Medieval religious dogma’
		Abandoning neutrality
		Helping ‘ungrateful locals’
		Adopting American exceptionalism
		During wars, the media should question everything
		References
	18. Normalising the unthinkable: The media’s role in mass killing
		Turning our heads to see it
		The machinations of Tony’s cronies
		Rationalising the unthinkable: The division of labour
		The human rights myth
		Kosovo: The fictional genocide
		Iraq – boosting Blair and burying the dead
		Covering up catastrophe in Iraq: The Lancet controversy
		Congo: A study in contrasts
		Denying discussion and choice
		Conclusions: The world wide web – saviour or snare?
		References
	19. US coverage of conflict and the media attention cycle
		The three major phases of an issue attention cycle
		Phase One: The government’s exploitation of the American media
		Phase Two: Self-reflection and explanation
		Phase 3: Slipping from the media’s radar
		The costs of war reporting
		High risks for journalists remaining in Iraq
		The social costs of insufficient war and terror coverage
		Conclusions: Endangering progress to a more peaceful world
		References
	20. Perspectives on conflict resolution and journalistic training
		Introduction
		Role of media in conflict situations
		The peace journalism option
		Re-examining role of media, conflict resolution and objectivity
		Integrating conflict resolution in journalistic training
		Journalistic training in field: Trends and practices
		Improving the journalism curriculum
		Challenges and dangers
		Conclusion
		References
		Web sources
Afterword
List of Contributors
Index