Patterns for College Writing : A Rhetorical Reader and Guide

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Title Page
	Dedication
	Copyright Page
	Preface
	Contents
	Thematic Guide to the Contents
Introduction: How to Use This Book
	Henry Louis Gates Jr.: “What’s in a Name?”
	Responding to an Essay
	Responding to Other Kinds of Texts
Part One: The Writing Process
	Chapter 1: Reading to Write: Becoming a Critical Reader
		Understanding Critical Reading
			Assessing Your Prior Knowledge
			Determining Your Purpose
			Previewing
			Highlighting
		Brent Staples: Cutting and Pasting: A Senior Thesis by (Insert Name)
		Moisés Naím: The YouTube Effect
			Annotating
			Reading Visual Texts
	Chapter 2: Invention
		Understanding Your Assignment
		Setting Limits
			Length
			Purpose
			Audience
			Occasion
			Knowledge
		Moving from Subject to Topic
			Questions for Probing
			Freewriting
		Finding Something to Say
			Brainstorming
			Journal Writing
		Grouping Ideas
			Clustering
			Making an Informal Outline
		Developing a Thesis
			Defining the Thesis Statement
			Deciding on a Thesis
			Stating Your Thesis
			Implying a Thesis
	Chapter 3: Arrangement
		Recognizing a Pattern
		Understanding the Parts of the Essay
			The Introduction
			The Body Paragraphs
			The Conclusion
		Constructing a Formal Outline
	Chapter 4: Drafting and Revising
		Writing Your First Draft
		Revising Your Essay
			Revising with an Outline
			Revising with a Checklist
			Revising with Your Instructor’s Written Comments
			Revising in a Conference
			Revising in a Peer-Editing Group
			Strategies for Revising
		Points for Special Attention: First Draft
			The Introduction
			The Body Paragraphs
			The Conclusion
		Points for Special Attention: Second Draft
			The Introduction
			The Body Paragraphs
			The Conclusion
			Working with Sources
			The Title
	Chapter 5: Editing and Proofreading
		Editing for Grammar
			Be Sure Subjects and Verbs Agree
			Be Sure Verb Tenses Are Accurate and Consistent
			Be Sure Pronoun References Are Clear
			Be Sure Sentences Are Complete
			Be Careful Not to Run Sentences Together without Proper Punctuation
			Be Careful to Avoid Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
			Be Sure Sentence Elements Are Parallel
		Editing for Punctuation
			Learn When to Use Commas — and When Not to Use Them
			Learn When to Use Semicolons
			Learn When to Use Apostrophes
			Learn When to Use Quotation Marks
			Learn When to Use Dashes
			Learn When to Use Colons
		Editing for Sentence Style and Word Choice
			Eliminate Awkward Phrasing
			Be Sure Your Sentences Are Concise
			Be Sure Your Sentences Are Varied
			Use Transitional Words and Phrases to Clarify Connections between Ideas
			Choose Your Words Carefully
		Proofreading Your Essay
			Check for Commonly Confused Words
			Check for Misspellings and Faulty Capitalization
			Check for Typos
		Checking Your Paper’s Format
Part Two: Readings for Writers
	Chapter 6: Narration
		What Is Narration?
		Using Narration
		Planning a Narrative Essay
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Including Enough Detail
			Varying Sentence Structure
			Maintaining Clear Narrative Order
		Structuring a Narrative Essay
		Revising a Narrative Essay
		Editing a Narrative Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Marjane Satrapi: from Persepolis II (Graphic Fiction)
		Junot DÍaz: The Money
		Hanif Abdurraqib: My First Police Stop
		Bonnie Smith-Yackel: My Mother Never Worked
		Martin Gansberg: Thirty-Seven Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police
		George Orwell: Shooting an Elephant
		Alberto Álvaro RÍos: The Secret Lion (Fiction)
		Joy Harjo: An American Sunrise (Poetry)
		Writing Assignments for Narration
		Collaborative Activity for Narration
	Chapter 7: Description
		What Is Description?
		Using Description
			Understanding Objective Description
			Understanding Subjective Description
			Using Objective and Subjective Language
			Selecting Details
		Planning a Descriptive Essay
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Organizing Details
			Using Transitions
		Structuring a Descriptive Essay
		Revising a Descriptive Essay
		Editing a Descriptive Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Ansel Adams: Jackson Lake (Photo)
		Bich Minh Nguyen: Goodbye to My Twinkie Days
		Trevor Noah: Soweto
		Marina Keegan: Stability in Motion
		Heather Rogers: The Hidden Life of Garbage
		Jonathan Ababiy: How the Other Half Lives
		Kate Chopin: The Storm (Fiction)
		Writing Assignments for Description
		Collaborative Activity for Description
	Chapter 8: Exemplification
		What Is Exemplification?
		Using Exemplification
			Using Examples to Explain and Clarify
			Using Examples to Add Interest
			Using Examples to Persuade
		Planning an Exemplification Essay
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Providing Enough Examples
			Choosing a Fair Range of Examples
			Using Transitions
		Structuring an Exemplification Essay
		Revising an Exemplification Essay
		Editing an Exemplification Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Four Inventions (Photographs)
		Olivia Goldhill: Should Driverless Cars Kill Their Own Passengers to Save a Pedestrian?
		Judith Ortiz Cofer: The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria
		Brent Staples: Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space
		Farhad Manjoo: Call Me “They”
		Maia Szalavitz: Ten Ways We Get the Odds Wrong
		Jamaica Kincaid: “Girl” (Fiction)
		Writing Assignments for Exemplification
		Collaborative Activity for Exemplification
	Chapter 9: Process
		What Is Process?
			Understanding Instructions
			Understanding Process Explanations
		Using Process
		Planning a Process Essay
			Accommodating Your Audience
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Using Transitions
		Structuring a Process Essay
		Revising a Process Essay
		Editing a Process Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		National Geographic: Yellowstone Fires, Past and Future (Illustration)
		Naomi Rosenberg: How to Tell a Mother Her Child Is Dead
		Roger Spranz: How to Make a Waste Pie Chart
		Brad Plumer and Ruairi Arrieta-Kenna: How Do Hurricanes Form? A Step-by-Step Guide
		Eugene Kiely and Lori Robertson: How to Spot Fake News
		Jessica Mitford: The Embalming of Mr. Jones
		Shirley Jackson: The Lottery (Fiction)
		Writing Assignments for Process
		Collaborative Activity for Process
	Chapter 10: Cause and Effect
		What Is Cause and Effect?
		Using Cause and Effect
			Understanding Main and Contributory Causes
			Understanding Immediate and Remote Causes
			Understanding Causal Chains
			Avoiding Post Hoc Reasoning
		Planning a Cause-and-Effect Essay
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Arranging Causes and Effects
			Using Transitions
		Structuring a Cause-and-Effect Essay
			Finding Causes
			Describing or Predicting Effects
		Revising a Cause-and-Effect Essay
		Editing a Cause-and-Effect Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Jeffrey Coolidge: Rube Goldberg Machine (Photo)
		Ray Fisman and Michael Luca: Did Free Pens Cause the Opioid Crisis?
		Maggie Koerth: Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Theories
		Arthur W. Lambert: What Causes Cancer? It’s Complicated
		Linda M. Hasselstrom: A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun
		Karen Miller Pensiero: Photos That Change History
		Martin Espada: Why I Went to College (Poetry)
		Writing Assignments for Cause and Effect
		Collaborative Activity for Cause and Effect
	Chapter 11: Comparison and Contrast
		What Is Comparison and Contrast?
		Using Comparison and Contrast
		Planning a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
			Recognizing Comparison-and-Contrast Assignments
			Establishing a Basis for Comparison
			Selecting Points for Discussion
			Developing a Thesis Statement
		Structuring a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
			Using Subject-by-Subject Comparison
			Using Point-by-Point Comparison
			Using Transitions
		Revising a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
		Editing a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Auguste Rodin: The Kiss (Sculpture)
		Robert Indiana: LOVE (Sculpture)
		Robert Weiss: Closer Together or Further Apart: Digital Devices and the New Generation Gap
		Amy Chua: Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior
		Ellen Laird: I’m Your Teacher, Not Your Internet-Service Provider
		Deborah Tannen: Sex, Lies, and Conversation
		Isabel Wilkerson: Emmett Till and Tamir Rice, Sons of the Great Migration
		Steven Conn: The Twin Revolutions of Lincoln and Darwin
		William Shakespeare: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? (Poetry)
		Writing Assignments for Comparison and Contrast
		Collaborative Activity for Comparison and Contrast
	Chapter 12: Classification and Division
		What Is Classification and Division?
			Understanding Classification
			Understanding Division
		Using Classification and Division
		Planning a Classification-and-Division Essay
			Selecting and Arranging Categories
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Using Transitions
		Structuring a Classification-and-Division Essay
		Revising a Classification-and-Division Essay
		Editing a Classification-and-Division Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Matt Groening: The 9 Types of College Teachers (Cartoon)
		Mindy Kaling: Flick Chicks: A Guide to Women in the Movies
		Carolyn Foster Segal: The Dog Ate My Tablet, and Other Tales of Woe
		Amy Tan: Mother Tongue
		Stephanie Ericsson: The Ways We Lie
		Amy Lowell: Patterns (Poetry)
		Writing Assignments for Classification and Division
		Collaborative Activity for Classification and Division
	Chapter 13: Definition
		What Is Definition?
			Understanding Formal Definitions
			Understanding Extended Definitions
		Using Definition
		Planning a Definition Essay
			Developing a Thesis Statement
			Deciding on a Pattern of Development
			Structuring a Definition Essay
		Revising a Definition Essay
		Editing a Definition Essay
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Alison Bechdel: The Rule (Comic Strip)
		Judy Brady: I Want a Wife
		José Antonio Burciaga: Tortillas
		Virginia Foxx: Stop Calling It “Vocational Training”
		Toni Morrison: Goodness: Altruism and the Literary Imagination
		Emily Dickinson: “Hope” is the thing with feathers (Poetry)
		Writing Assignments for Definition
		Collaborative Activity for Definition
	Chapter 14: Argumentation
		What Is Argumentation?
		Understanding Argumentation and Persuasion
		Planning an Argumentative Essay
			Choosing a Topic
			Developing a Thesis
			Analyzing Your Audience
			Gathering and Documenting Evidence
			Dealing with the Opposition
			Strategies for Refuting Opposing Arguments
			Understanding Rogerian Argument
		Using Deductive and Inductive Arguments
			Using Deductive Arguments
			Using Inductive Arguments
			Using Toulmin Logic
			Recognizing Fallacies
			Using Transitions
		Structuring an Argumentative Essay
		Revising an Argumentative Essay
			Revision Checklist
		Editing an Argumentative Essay
			Grammar In Context
			Editing Checklist
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		National Highway Traffic Safety Administration And The Ad Council
		Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence
		Rachel Carson: The Obligation to Endure
		Martin Luther King Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail
		✶Debate: Should Federal Student Loans Be Forgiven?
		Mary Clare Amselem: No, Your Student Loans Should Not Be Forgiven
		Eric Levitz: We Must Cancel Everyone’s Student Debt, for the Economy’s Sake
		✶Debate: Can Individuals Do Anything to Resolve the Climate Crisis?
		Leor Hackel And Gregg Sparkman: Reducing Your Carbon Footprint Still Matters
		Natasha Geiling: The Only Individual Action That Matters Is Voting for People Who Care about Climate Change
		✶Casebook: Is Free Speech on Campus in Peril?
		Geoffrey R. Stone: Free Expression in Peril
		Laura Beth Nielsen: The Case for Restricting Hate Speech
		Sophie Downes: Trigger Warnings, Safe Spaces, and Free Speech, Too
		Shannon Palus: The Latest Study on Trigger Warnings Finally Convinced Me They’re Not Worth It
		Ben Heine: Censorship (Illustration)
		✶Casebook: How Can We Stem the Tide of Gun Violence?
		German Lopez: Guns Are the Problem
		Sean Gregory and Chris Wilson: 6 Real Ways We Can Reduce Gun Violence
		William V. Glastris JR.: A Real Long-Term Solution to Gun Violence
		Clifton Leaf: How Australia All but Ended Gun Violence
		Mad Magazine: From “The Ghastlygun Tinies” (Illustrated Poem)
		Writing Assignments for Argumentation
		Collaborative Activity for Argumentation
	Chapter 15: Combining the Patterns
		Structuring an Essay by Combining the Patterns
		Combining the Patterns: Revising and Editing
			Points for Special Attention
			Focus on Revision
		Lars Eighner: On Dumpster Diving
		Olivia Judson: Long Live the Albatross
		David Kirby: Inked Well
		Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal
		Writing Assignments for Combining the Patterns
		Collaborative Activity for Combining the Patterns
Part Three: Working with Sources
	Chapter 16: Finding and Evaluating Sources
		Finding Information in the Library
		Finding Information on the Internet
		Finding Useful Information
		Evaluating Sources
			Is the Source Authoritative?
			Is the Source Accurate?
			Is the Source Objective?
			Is the Source Current?
			Is the Source Comprehensive?
	Chapter 17: Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
		Paraphrasing
		Summarizing
		Quoting
		Integrating Source Material into Your Writing
		Synthesizing
		Avoiding Plagiarism
			Avoiding Common Errors That Lead to Plagiarism
			Avoiding Plagiarism with Online Sources
	Chapter 18: Documenting Sources: MLA
		Parenthetical References in the Text
		The Works-Cited List
			Articles
			Books
			Internet Sources
			Other Internet Sources
			Other Nonprint Sources
		Model Student Research Paper in MLA Style
Appendix: Documenting Sources: APA
	Using Parenthetical References
	Examples of APA Citations
	Model Student Paper in APA Style
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Index
Notes
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover