Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology: Brain and Spine

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Abbreviations......Page 8
Foreword......Page 11
Acknowledgment for Dr. Borden......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
Section 1 The brain\n......Page 17
Biologic basis of magnetic resonance image (MRI) production......Page 19
Signal strength in magnetic resonance angiography......Page 20
Magnetic susceptibility signal loss......Page 21
Dilated perivascular spaces (Virchow-Robin spaces)......Page 22
Myelination, as shown by increased signal on T1 weighted images......Page 23
Microvascular ischemic changes (see Figure 6.224, page 218)......Page 24
Human immunodeficiency viral encephalitis (see Figure 6.165, page 177)......Page 25
Traumatic white matter lesion......Page 26
Ischemic penumbra......Page 27
Differential diagnosis of white matter hypodensity on CT and decreased T1/increased T2 MRI signal......Page 28
Subacute (approximately 4 days to 1 month)......Page 29
Non-obstructive hydrocephalus......Page 30
Skull base region......Page 31
Whether the arterial-venous malformation involves or is in close proximity to eloquent cortex......Page 32
Pineal region......Page 33
Cisterns......Page 34
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain......Page 35
Computed tomography of the brain......Page 36
Patient´s age......Page 37
Chiari malformation (types I-III)......Page 38
Disorders of neuronal migration and sulcation - usually supratentorial......Page 39
Holoprosencephaly......Page 40
Arachnoid cyst......Page 41
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome......Page 42
Coronal craniosynostosis......Page 43
Gray matter disorders......Page 44
Disorders involving the basal ganglia......Page 45
Cellulitis and abscess......Page 46
Epidermoid......Page 47
Meningioma......Page 48
Congenital epidermoid of the petrous apex......Page 49
Fungal sinusitis......Page 50
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma......Page 51
Brainstem glioma (see Figure 6.84, page 121)......Page 52
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors......Page 53
Hemangioblastoma (WHO grade I) (see Figures 6.24, 6.102, pages 85, 136-137)......Page 54
Germ cell tumors......Page 55
Pituitary adenoma......Page 56
Germ cell tumors......Page 57
Colloid cyst......Page 58
Non-meningothelial tumors of meninges (rare)......Page 59
Non-neoplastic mass-like lesions......Page 60
Cytomegalovirus (see Figure 6.155, page 169)......Page 61
Subdural effusion and subdural/epidural empyema......Page 62
Viral encephalitis......Page 63
Non-infectious encephalitis......Page 64
Fungal......Page 65
Cytomegalovirus infection......Page 66
Demyelinating disorders......Page 67
Traumatic lesions......Page 68
Intraventricular hemorrhage......Page 69
Subarachnoid hemorrhage......Page 70
Saccular (berry type) aneurysms......Page 71
Vascular malformations......Page 72
Microvascular ischemic disease/small vessel disease......Page 73
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in infants......Page 74
Cortical venous/dural sinus thrombosis......Page 75
Fibromuscular dysplasia......Page 76
Parkinson plus disorders......Page 77
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease......Page 78
Hydrocephalus (see Figures 6.273-278, pages 249-252)......Page 79
Non-obstructive......Page 80
Most common extra-axial cerebellopontine angle mass lesions - most in adults......Page 81
Pineal region masses......Page 82
Supratentorial tumors......Page 83
Intra-axial (beneath the pia)......Page 84
Gyral enhancement......Page 85
Things that are hypointense on T2 weighted magnetic resonance images......Page 86
Causes of increased signal in sulci on FLAIR images......Page 87
Disorders of organogenesis......Page 88
Disorders of neuronal migration and sulcation......Page 92
Disorders of diverticulation and cleavage......Page 95
Posterior fossa cystic malformations......Page 96
Disorders of histogenesis - phakomatoses (neurocutaneous syndromes)......Page 98
Craniosynostosis and head shape......Page 103
White matter disorders......Page 104
Gray matter disorders......Page 105
Disorders affecting gray and white matter......Page 106
Skin lesions......Page 107
Subcutaneous layer lesions......Page 108
Galea/subgaleal/periosteal lesions......Page 109
Calvarial lesions......Page 111
Skull base lesions......Page 118
Sinonasal lesions......Page 127
Astrocytic diffuse......Page 133
Astrocytic focal......Page 135
Brainstem glioma......Page 137
Non-astrocytic glial......Page 138
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors......Page 142
Embryonal tumors......Page 145
Other primary intra-axial neoplasms......Page 149
Miscellaneous tumors/tumor-like lesions......Page 152
Pineal region tumors/masses......Page 153
Primary pituitary tumors......Page 159
Tumors/tumor-like lesions related to the craniopharyngeal duct......Page 162
Other suprasellar masses/mass-like lesions: SATCHMOE......Page 164
Intraventricular tumors......Page 168
Primary extra-axial neoplasms......Page 169
Secondary intracranial neoplasms......Page 175
Non-neoplastic mass-like lesions......Page 176
Pyogenic......Page 185
Acute infective encephalitis......Page 190
Subacute encephalitis......Page 192
Non-infectious encephalitis......Page 194
Granulomatous infections/inflammatory lesions......Page 196
Parasitic infections......Page 200
Infections in immunocompromised patients......Page 201
Intraventricular infection......Page 202
Demyelinating disorders......Page 204
Traumatic lesions......Page 212
Hemorrhage......Page 221
Aneurysms......Page 223
Vascular malformations......Page 225
Cerebral infarction (stroke)......Page 234
Non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies/vasculitis/CADASIL......Page 245
Cortical venous/dural sinus thrombosis......Page 248
Vasospasm......Page 254
Fibromuscular dysplasia......Page 255
Vascular injury......Page 256
PRES, hypertensive encephalopathy......Page 257
Neurodegenerative disorders (specific locations)......Page 258
Miscellaneous disorders of the brain......Page 261
Hydrocephalus......Page 265
Spaces and potential spaces......Page 271
The Three Column Theory of the spine (Denis, 1984)......Page 272
Computed tomography......Page 273
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 274
Spondylolysis (see Figure 11.1a,b, page 286)......Page 275
Spinal stenosis......Page 276
Nomenclature of disc contour abnormalities......Page 277
Spinal trauma......Page 278
Odontoid fractures......Page 279
Burst fractures......Page 280
Burst fractures......Page 281
Spinal cord trauma......Page 282
Dissection......Page 283
Leptomeningitis......Page 284
Subacute combined degeneration......Page 285
Astrocytomas/ependymomas......Page 286
Meningiomas......Page 287
Osteoid osteomas/osteoblastomas......Page 288
Lymphoma......Page 289
Ewing sarcoma......Page 290
Type I cysts......Page 291
Juxta-articular cysts......Page 292
Congenital anomalies of the spine......Page 293
Closed spinal dysraphisms (no subcutaneous mass)......Page 294
Dural AVFs (type I)......Page 295
Metabolic disorders affecting the spine......Page 296
Osteopetrosis......Page 297
Intradural extramedullary lesion - cystic......Page 298
Erosion of the dens......Page 299
Vertebral trabecular thickening......Page 300
Diffusion restricting lesions......Page 301
Normal aging and degenerative disease of the spine......Page 302
Spinal trauma......Page 306
Infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases of the spine......Page 313
Spinal tumors......Page 318
Spinal cysts, cyst-like lesions, and spinal vascular disorders......Page 330
Congenital anomalies of the spine......Page 332
Spinal vascular disorders......Page 335
Metabolic diseases affecting the spine......Page 337
CT head without and with intravenous contrast......Page 341
MRI brain without and with contrast......Page 342
MRI brain/internal auditory canals......Page 343
MRI brain/pituitary gland......Page 344
Findings......Page 345
Impression......Page 346
Index......Page 347