Pathology Secrets, Third Edition

Cover......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Dedication Page......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Top 100 Secrets......Page 14
What is hypoxia?......Page 20
What is the role of calcium in acute cell injury?......Page 21
Is the cytoplasm of injured cells acidic or alkaline?......Page 22
Which nuclear changes are signs of cell death?......Page 23
What are free radicals?......Page 24
Key Points: Irreversible Cell Injury......Page 25
What is the outcome of necrosis?......Page 26
How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?......Page 27
What is the significance of cellular adaptations?......Page 28
What happens in heart cells undergoing hypertrophy?......Page 29
Is metaplasia reversible?......Page 30
Bibliography......Page 31
What are the three main sets of events taking place in tissues during acute inflammation?......Page 32
How does the permeability of small vessels increase during inflammation?......Page 33
What are the main events leading to transmigration of leukocytes across the vessel wall?......Page 34
What are the signs of leukocyte activation?......Page 35
How do leukocytes kill bacteria?......Page 36
What are the most important congenital defects of leukocyte function?......Page 37
What are the most important plasma-derived mediators of inflammation?......Page 38
What are the consequences of complement activation?......Page 39
Why does the calvaria of sickle cell patients have a \"crew-cut\" appearance on x-rays?......Page 183
What are the functions of cytokines?......Page 40
Explain the evolution of bone changes in Paget disease.......Page 427
What is the outcome of acute inflammation?......Page 41
What are the skin lesions of SLE?......Page 411
What is the function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?......Page 42
List the key facts about multiple sclerosis (MS).......Page 43
What accounts for the increased ESR in inflammation?......Page 44
What is ulceration?......Page 45
How are cells classified on the basis of their replicative potential?......Page 46
What are the common features of growth factors involved in repair and regeneration?......Page 47
What are myofibroblasts?......Page 48
What is wound contraction?......Page 49
Bibliography......Page 50
How common are muscle diseases?......Page 51
What is hiatal hernia?......Page 52
What is the color of hyperemic and congested tissues?......Page 53
How does chronic passive congestion affect the legs?......Page 54
What are the pathologic findings in the myocardium in a typical myocardial infarct?......Page 154
What are the most common causes of hypopituitarism?......Page 382
Who is affected by carcinoma of the pancreas?......Page 55
How does endothelium of blood vessels act on the coagulation of blood?......Page 56
List the most important complications of bacterial pneumonia.......Page 57
Is heparin an important anticoagulant?......Page 58
How do hemodynamic changes promote thrombosis?......Page 59
What are the most important clinical conditions complicated by thrombosis?......Page 60
What are mural thrombi?......Page 61
What are the possible outcomes of thrombosis?......Page 62
What are the typical clinical features of glycogen storage diseases (glycogenoses)?......Page 63
How does air enter into the circulation?......Page 64
What are cholesterol emboli?......Page 65
What are common causes of DIC?......Page 66
Renal Tumors......Page 236
What is the difference between red and white infarcts?......Page 67
What are the causes of hypovolemic shock?......Page 68
What are the features of irreversible shock?......Page 69
Bibliography......Page 70
List key features of B lymphocytes.......Page 71
How are the antigens classified?......Page 72
What occurs during the immediate degranulation of mast cells?......Page 73
Which mediators are released from mast cells in a delayed manner?......Page 74
What is the most common neoplasm of the male genital tract?......Page 344
What are the characteristics of type II hypersensitivity (cytolytic) reactions?......Page 75
What are the clinical manifestations of growth hormone-secreting tumors?......Page 76
List the most important diseases caused by type III hypersensitivity reaction.......Page 77
What are the characteristics of cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity?......Page 78
How does immunologic tolerance develop?......Page 79
What is Meacuteniegravere disease?......Page 243
What are the criteria for the diagnosis of SLE?......Page 80
What is lupus anticoagulant?......Page 81
What is pemphigus vulgaris?......Page 224
What is drug-induced lupus erythematosus?......Page 82
What is CREST syndrome?......Page 83
What is the difference between a true aneurysm and a pseudoaneurysm?......Page 84
What are the characteristics of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?......Page 85
What are the common opportunistic infections in AIDS?......Page 86
What are the typical clinical features of mucopolysaccharide storage diseases (mucopolysaccharidoses)?......Page 87
Bibliography......Page 88
Define dysplasia.......Page 89
What are the features of acute renal failure?......Page 90
Name the clinical differences between primary myopathies and neurogenic muscle disease.......Page 91
List the main histologic-histogenetic categories of human neoplasms.......Page 92
What could cause neurogenic muscle atrophy?......Page 449
Discuss the two typical microscopic patterns of neurogenic muscle atrophy.......Page 113
Is meningioma a benign tumor?......Page 93
What is the difference between tumor invasion and metastasis?......Page 94
What is the difference between staging and grading of tumors?......Page 95
How are epidemiologic data used to detect environmental carcinogens?......Page 96
Has the incidence of some cancers decreased during the past 100 years?......Page 97
What are the clinical features of bacterial pneumonia?......Page 98
Which tumors show peak incidence in late childhood and adolescence?......Page 99
What are carcinogens?......Page 100
Why is scrotal cancer important for the understanding of human carcinogenesis?......Page 101
How does cancer begin?......Page 102
What is Philadelphia chromosome?......Page 103
List other important tumor suppressor genes.......Page 104
Describe the most common pathways of lung cancer spread.......Page 232
Give an example of how defective apoptosis can contribute to the formation of neoplasia.......Page 105
How do malignant tumors stimulate angiogenesis?......Page 106
What are tumor markers?......Page 107
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?......Page 108
Name a renal paraneoplastic syndrome.......Page 109
Bibliography......Page 110
List congenital malformations that occur at least once in 1000 newborn children.......Page 111
Define agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia, dysraphic anomaly, involution failure, division failure, atresia, dysplasia, ectopia, an......Page 112
Define peripheral neuropathy.......Page 218
How is karyotype analysis used in medical genetics?......Page 114
What is osteoporosis?......Page 153
What is the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?......Page 452
What is the outcome of myocardial infarction?......Page 115
Describe the clinical course of the disease caused by NSGCT......Page 116
What are the typical clinical features of Klinefelter syndrome?......Page 117
What are the sex cord cell tumors of the testis?......Page 347
Describe the major morphologic characteristics of bronchiectasis on gross inspection.......Page 223
Define genetic mosaicism.......Page 118
Name the inborn errors of metabolism that cause myopathies.......Page 348
Explain codominance and pleiotropy.......Page 119
Explain the main features of autosomal dominant inheritance.......Page 120
What is erythema nodosum?......Page 121
What are aneurysms?......Page 146
Describe the microscopic pathology of prion diseases.......Page 122
How does pneumoconiosis of coal workers present?......Page 123
Discuss the biochemical basis of autosomal recessive disorders.......Page 124
List examples of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.......Page 125
Explain the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases.......Page 126
What are the typical clinical features of Gaucher disease?......Page 127
List the most common X-linked recessive diseases and their incidence.......Page 128
List diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes.......Page 129
What are the major characteristics of hepatic encephalopathy?......Page 480
List the principal methods used for prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.......Page 130
Bibliography......Page 131
What are the histologic features of arteriolosclerosis?......Page 134
What are the earliest recognizable lesions of atherosclerosis?......Page 135
How are skin diseases classified according to their duration?......Page 404
What is the evidence that hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?......Page 136
List the most common aneurysms found in the CNS.......Page 137
How does hypertension promote atherosclerosis?......Page 138
How are testicular tumors classified clinically?......Page 345
What are the clinical features of chronic bronchitis?......Page 221
How does science explain the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis according to the reaction to injury hypothesis?......Page 139
What are the main clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?......Page 140
What is tabes dorsalis?......Page 141
Which infectious diseases cause vasculitis?......Page 142
What is the difference between circulating ANCA and perinuclear ANCA?......Page 144
What is the difference between classic polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyarteritis?......Page 145
What is aortic dissection?......Page 147
Ovaries......Page 148
What are the hematologic and laboratory features of iron deficiency?......Page 190
What is a malignant melanoma?......Page 417
Bibliography......Page 149
What are the most common cardiac causes of heart failure?......Page 150
What is cyanosis?......Page 151
How are anemias classified according to the red cell size and shape and their hemoglobin content?......Page 175
List the most frequent causes of congenital CNS malformations.......Page 152
Which skin diseases are caused by human papillomaviruses?......Page 406
What are the typical complications of myocardial infarcts?......Page 155
What are the most common causes of cardiac hypertrophy?......Page 156
What are the features of acute RF?......Page 157
Explain the consequences of mitral stenosis.......Page 158
List key facts about poliomyelitis.......Page 471
What are the causes of infective endocarditis?......Page 159
What are the most important features of cryptococcal infection?......Page 472
What is the pathogenesis of complications of bacterial endocarditis?......Page 160
What are prions?......Page 473
How can diffuse interstitial diseases be classified according to etiology?......Page 227
How does carcinoid syndrome affect the heart?......Page 161
What is Libman-Sacks endocarditis?......Page 162
List the most important causes of myocarditis.......Page 163
How are cardiomyopathies classified etiologically?......Page 164
Can malignant melanomas develop in dark-skinned people of African or Indian origin?......Page 165
Describe the CNS changes in Wilson disease.......Page 166
What causes hypopigmentation?......Page 420
What are the causes of hematopericardium?......Page 167
What are the most common malignant tumors of the heart?......Page 168
List five CHDs that present with early cyanosis at the time of birth or soon thereafter.......Page 169
What are the anatomic components of tetralogy of Fallot?......Page 170
What is the prognosis of tetralogy of Fallot?......Page 171
What are the common clinical findings in children with CHD?......Page 172
Bibliography......Page 173
What are the complications of caries?......Page 174
Are there any pathologic tissue findings characteristic of anemia in general?......Page 177
What are the main features of intravascular hemolysis?......Page 178
Name the common pathologic tissue findings common to all forms of chronic hemolytic anemia.......Page 179
How common is HS, and how is it inherited?......Page 180
What should one know about G6PD deficiency?......Page 181
Why do dehydration and anoxia (e.g., high altitude) potentiate sickling of RBCs in sickle cell anemia?......Page 182
What are the common features of all forms of beta-thalassemia?......Page 184
What is the difference between the three clinical types of beta-thalassemia (thalassemia major, intermedia, and minor)?......Page 185
How does PNH present clinically?......Page 186
List the most common causes of anemia owing to mechanical injury of red blood cells.......Page 187
Bibliography......Page 351
What is the pathogenesis of pernicious anemia?......Page 188
What is secretory diarrhea?......Page 189
List the clinical syndromes caused by viral hepatitides.......Page 288
What is tropical sprue?......Page 191
What is the significance of prolonged bleeding time?......Page 192
List the hematologic parameters of vascular purpura.......Page 193
How are platelets destroyed in chronic ITP ?......Page 194
List common bleeding disorders caused by a deficiency of coagulation factors.......Page 195
What is DIC, and what are its main causes?......Page 196
What is the clinical course of DIC?......Page 197
What is the pathogenesis of neutropenia (agranulocytosis)?......Page 198
Discuss the clinical-pathologic features of acute lymphadenitis.......Page 199
List the main groups of NHLs according to WHO.......Page 200
Name the two most common NHLs of childhood and adolescence.......Page 201
List features of ALL/LBL associated with favorable and unfavorable prognosis.......Page 202
What is follicular lymphoma?......Page 203
What is Burkitt lymphoma?......Page 204
What are the main pathologic and clinical features of multiple myeloma?......Page 205
How is multiple myeloma diagnosed?......Page 206
List the main characteristics of peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified.......Page 207
List the main subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma.......Page 208
What are the clinical features that distinguish HL from NHL?......Page 209
How does AML present clinically? List the most common complications.......Page 210
What are the main characteristics of chronic MPDs?......Page 211
What are the morphologic characteristics, clinical course, and laboratory findings in PCV?......Page 212
Describe the pathologic features of myelofibrosis and how the changes in the bone marrow are reflected in the peripheral blood......Page 213
What is thymoma?......Page 214
Bibliography......Page 215
Define atelectasis.......Page 216
What is adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?......Page 217
What are the main differences between various types of COPD?......Page 219
What is the difference in clinical presentation between patients with emphysema and those with chronic bronchitis?......Page 220
What is folliculitis?......Page 407
What are the major mediators responsible for bronchospasm in patients with bronchial asthma?......Page 222
Name the four classical stages of lobar pneumonia.......Page 225
How common are endometrial adenocarcinomas?......Page 359
Discuss the main pathologic characteristics of primary tuberculosis.......Page 226
Which factors are associated with the development of pneumoconioses?......Page 228
What should one remember about HCV?......Page 229
Define hypersensitivity pneumonitis.......Page 230
Which etiologic agents have been known to promote lung cancers?......Page 231
What are immature teratomas?......Page 366
How does lung carcinoma present clinically, and how is it diagnosed?......Page 233
What are the main clinical and pathologic characteristics of bronchial carcinoids?......Page 234
List the pathogenesis of clinical signs and symptoms caused by brain tumors.......Page 235
Bibliography......Page 237
What is periodontitis?......Page 238
List the most common infectious diseases affecting the mouth and oropharynx.......Page 239
Why does herpes labialis recur?......Page 240
List the oral manifestations of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).......Page 241
What are the most common causes of sinusitis?......Page 242
Key Points: Neoplasms and Related Conditions......Page 244
List the main facts about carcinoma of the larynx.......Page 245
Bibliography......Page 246
Key Points: Most Important Symptoms and Signs Pertaining to the GI System......Page 248
What are esophageal diverticula?......Page 249
What are esophageal webs and rings?......Page 250
How are skin diseases classified etiologically?......Page 251
What is Barrett esophagus ?......Page 252
Which part of the esophagus is most often affected by carcinoma?......Page 253
Discuss why gastric erosions develop in acute gastritis.......Page 254
Is it possible to clinically distinguish type A from type B chronic gastritis?......Page 255
Which factors play a role in the development of peptic ulcers?......Page 256
Describe the histologic layers found in a typical chronic peptic ulcer.......Page 257
List key facts about gastric carcinoma.......Page 258
How does gastric carcinoma appear on gross examination?......Page 259
Name the most important developmental disorders of the intestines.......Page 260
What should one remember about HBV?......Page 286
Key Points: Intestines......Page 261
How does exudative diarrhea develop?......Page 262
What is enteric fever?......Page 263
What is celiac disease?......Page 264
Define Whipple disease.......Page 265
List the most important conditions predisposing to acute pyelonephritis.......Page 332
Define inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).......Page 266
What is the prognosis of sex cord tumors?......Page 267
Are fistulas found in both UC and CD?......Page 268
What is preeclampsia?......Page 269
List key facts about tubular adenomas.......Page 270
Discuss the other hereditary colonic cancer syndromes.......Page 271
In which part of the large intestine do most carcinomas develop?......Page 272
How are colorectal carcinomas staged for prognostic purposes?......Page 273
List conditions predisposing to primary GI lymphoma.......Page 274
Bibliography......Page 275
How does the liver respond to injury?......Page 276
Which tests are used for estimating liver catabolic functions?......Page 277
Why is it important to fractionate bilirubin in the serum?......Page 278
Is bilirubin present in urine in all forms of jaundice?......Page 279
List common causes of mixed hyperbilirubinemia.......Page 280
What are the features of acute liver failure?......Page 281
What are the main forms of portal hypertension?......Page 282
Discuss the pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis.......Page 283
Do all hepatitis viruses belong to the same group, and do they share the same structural properties?......Page 284
How is viral hepatitis A transmitted?......Page 285
What are the manifestations of chronic HCV?......Page 287
How can the bacteria reach the liver?......Page 289
Key Points: Immunologic Diseases of the Liver......Page 291
What is the difference between primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis?......Page 292
How are primary brain tumors classified histogenetically?......Page 481
List three liver diseases caused by alcohol.......Page 293
What is Wilson disease?......Page 294
Are cirrhotic livers typically small or large?......Page 295
How are primary liver tumors classified?......Page 296
List key facts about the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).......Page 297
List common symptoms and signs of hepatocellular carcinoma.......Page 298
How do metastases to the liver differ from primary liver tumors?......Page 299
Describe the features of pigmentary stones.......Page 300
Describe the \"porcelain gallbladder.\"......Page 301
Bibliography......Page 302
What is the most common developmental abnormality involving the testis?......Page 303
Describe the sequence of a hypothetical event leading to acute pancreatitis.......Page 304
Describe the histologic findings in acute pancreatitis.......Page 305
Which other tests give abnormal results in acute pancreatitis?......Page 306
What are the clinical features of chronic pancreatitis?......Page 307
List the most important causes of chronic meningitis.......Page 308
What are the features of gastrinoma?......Page 309
What is diabetes mellitus?......Page 310
Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes.......Page 311
Websites......Page 312
Bibliography......Page 313
Key Points: Types of Renal Diseases......Page 314
List the features of nephrotic syndrome.......Page 315
What are the features of urinary tract infection (UTI)?......Page 316
What are the differences between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive kidney disease?......Page 317
Which cells contribute to glomerular hypercellularity in glomerulonephritis?......Page 318
What pattern of staining of glomeruli is seen by immunofluorescence microscopy in anti-GBM nephritis?......Page 319
In which parts of the glomeruli may the antigen-antibody complexes be seen by electron microscopy in various forms of glomerulonephritis?......Page 320
What are the histologic signs of chronic progression of glomerular disease?......Page 321
Describe the most common cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis.......Page 322
What is the histologic substrate of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), or crescentic glomerulonephritis?......Page 323
Discuss the causes of RPGN.......Page 324
What are the most common causes of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults?......Page 325
What are the clinical features of cretinism?......Page 326
What are the most common clinical signs and symptoms of IgA nephropathy?......Page 327
What are the most important identifiable causes of osteonecrosis?......Page 429
Which parts of the kidney are affected in SLE?......Page 328
Why is it important to classify lupus nephritis?......Page 329
List key features of renal amyloidosis.......Page 330
How do drugs cause kidney injury?......Page 331
How does multiple myeloma damage the kidneys?......Page 333
What are the most common causes of obstructive uropathy?......Page 334
Name three most important renal tumors.......Page 335
How are astrocytic tumors classified?......Page 483
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of RCC?......Page 336
Describe the microscopic features of Wilms tumors.......Page 337
Key Points: Pathology of the Urinary Bladder......Page 338
Explain why scirrhous breast carcinomas appear whitish and gritty on sectioning in the pathology laboratory......Page 339
Discuss how squamous cell carcinomas may arise in a transitional epithelium-lined organ such as the urinary bladder.......Page 340
Bibliography......Page 341
What are the complications of cryptorchidism?......Page 342
What is a hydrocele?......Page 343
List the key facts about the pathology of NSGCT......Page 346
What are the clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia?......Page 349
What is the treatment of prostatic carcinoma?......Page 350
What are the main signs and symptoms of STDs?......Page 352
What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?......Page 353
What is koilocytosis?......Page 354
Key Points: Cervix......Page 355
What are the most common routes of entry of infectious agents into the intracranial space?......Page 466
Has the peak age incidence for CIN and invasive cancer decreased during the past two decades?......Page 356
Describe the pathologic findings in chronic meningitis.......Page 467
What are the causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?......Page 357
Discuss how endometrial hyperplasia is diagnosed......Page 358
How do endometrial carcinomas present on gross examination?......Page 360
How do leiomyomas present on gross examination?......Page 361
Define ovarian cysts......Page 362
How common are ovarian tumors?......Page 363
Are ovarian tumors more often benign or malignant?......Page 364
How can one distinguish benign serous tumors from serous cystadenocarcinomas?......Page 365
How are infections transmitted transplacentally?......Page 367
What is hydatidiform mole?......Page 368
Describe the pathogenesis of preeclampsia......Page 369
What is placenta accreta?......Page 370
Discuss the most important mass lesions of the breast biopsied or excised by surgeons......Page 371
What is phyllodes tumor?......Page 372
In which part of the breast are most carcinomas located?......Page 373
Why does breast cancer cause retraction of the nipple and skin (\"peau d\'orange\")?......Page 374
What is infiltrating lobular carcinoma?......Page 375
Describe the difference between mastectomy and lumpectomy......Page 376
Bibliography......Page 377
What are hormones?......Page 378
Is the enlargement of endocrine glands always associated with their hyperfunction?......Page 379
Are the pituitary tumors composed of the same cells as the normal pituitary?......Page 380
How do gonadotroph adenomas present clinically?......Page 381
How is thyroxine formed?......Page 383
Is exophthalmos found in all forms of hyperthyroidism?......Page 384
What is the most common cause of thyroiditis?......Page 385
What is lymphocytic thyroiditis?......Page 386
What is the difference between sporadic and endemic goiter?......Page 387
What are the risk factors for thyroid cancer?......Page 388
How do papillary carcinomas metastasize?......Page 389
How many parathyroid glands does a healthy person have?......Page 390
How are parathyroid adenomas distinguished morphologically from parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid carcinoma?......Page 391
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?......Page 392
What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?......Page 393
What are the clinical features of Cushing syndrome?......Page 394
What are the causes of hyperaldosteronism?......Page 395
What are the causes of primary adrenal insufficiency in adults?......Page 396
What is the function of the adrenal medulla?......Page 397
What are multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes?......Page 398
Bibliography......Page 399
What is the difference between a papule and a nodule?......Page 400
What is the difference between a plaque and a papule?......Page 403
What is eczema?......Page 405
What are dermatophytes?......Page 408
Which hypersensitivity reactions affect the skin?......Page 409
How can pemphigus vulgaris be distinguished from bullous pemphigoid?......Page 410
What are the pathologic features of psoriasis?......Page 412
How are skin tumors classified?......Page 413
Key Points: Neoplasms......Page 414
What is squamous cell carcinoma?......Page 415
What are the most important pigmented skin lesions?......Page 416
How do melanomas arise?......Page 418
How are malignant melanomas staged histologically?......Page 419
Bibliography......Page 421
Name the main bone-forming cells in the bone.......Page 422
Explain the pathogenesis of achondroplasia.......Page 423
Key Points: Metabolic Disorders......Page 424
Which bones are affected most by osteoporosis?......Page 425
How does hyperparathyroidism affect the bones?......Page 426
List three examples of pathologic fractures.......Page 428
What is the pathogenesis of acute osteomyelitis?......Page 430
How are bone tumors diagnosed?......Page 431
Key Points: Bone Tumors......Page 432
Name the main risk factors for osteosarcoma.......Page 433
Name the salient pathologic features of osteosarcoma.......Page 434
What are the most significant neuropathologic consequences of alcohol abuse?......Page 435
What are the salient pathologic features of Ewing sarcoma?......Page 436
Which primary bone malignancy presents radiologically with multiple punched-out lesions in adults?......Page 437
What is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis?......Page 438
What are the pathologic features of osteoarthritis?......Page 439
What are the pathologic features of RA?......Page 440
What are the extraarticular lesions of RA?......Page 441
List the differences between RA and osteoarthritis.......Page 442
What is ankylosing spondylitis?......Page 443
What is the difference between primary and secondary gout?......Page 444
What are the risk factors for gout?......Page 445
Bibliography......Page 446
How can one recognize these two types of muscle fibers?......Page 447
Explain how muscle diseases are classified etiologically.......Page 448
Describe various forms of intracranial cerebral or cerebellar herniations.......Page 462
Describe the histologic appearance of the reinnervated muscle.......Page 450
What are muscular dystrophies?......Page 451
What are the histopathologic features of DMD?......Page 453
List the most important facts about DMD.......Page 454
List the important autosomal muscular dystrophies.......Page 455
What are mitochondrial myopathies?......Page 456
What is dermatomyositis?......Page 457
List the key features of myasthenia gravis.......Page 458
Websites......Page 459
Bibliography......Page 460
What is the most common cellular reaction to CNS injury?......Page 461
Define dysraphic malformations and list the most common forms of this malformation.......Page 463
Describe the most common spinal cord injuries.......Page 464
Key Points: Vascular Disorders......Page 465
What are the typical clinical features of acute and chronic meningitis?......Page 468
List key facts about the clinical presentation of cerebral abscess.......Page 469
List viral infections associated with cellular inclusions visible by light microscopy.......Page 470
Key Points: Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 474
Describe the neuropathology of AD.......Page 475
What is Pick disease?......Page 476
What are the symptoms of HD?......Page 477
Which vitamin deficiencies affect the brain?......Page 478
What are the most important neuropathologic consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency?......Page 479
How are tumors of the CNS classified topographically?......Page 482
What is oligodendroglioma?......Page 484
What are intracranial nerve sheath tumors?......Page 485
How do peripheral nerves react to injury?......Page 486
List principal peripheral neuropathies.......Page 487
What is the most common form of chronic peripheral neuropathy in children?......Page 488
Bibliography......Page 489
A......Page 490
B......Page 493
C......Page 495
D......Page 498
E......Page 499
G......Page 501
H......Page 503
I......Page 506
L......Page 508
M......Page 510
N......Page 512
P......Page 513
R......Page 516
S......Page 517
T......Page 519
V......Page 521
Z......Page 522