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GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Copyright
Preface
	REFERENCE
Contents
I Introduction
	1 The Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology
		MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
		EXAMPLES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
			Computer Software
			Semiconductor Chips
			The New Biotechnology
		INTERNATIONAL INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
		POLICY THEMES AND QUESTIONS
			Fundamental Trade-offs
			Policy Vision
			Intellectual Property Rights as a Trade Issue
			Interactions with Other Policies
		ORGANIZATION OF THE VOLUME
		REFERENCES
	2 Intellectual Property Institutions and the Panda's Thumb: Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Secrets in Economic Theory and…
		INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES, ECONOMICS, AND HISTORY
		KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC POLICY ECONOMICS, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
			Information, Public Goods, and Competitive Market Failures
			Imperfect Institutional Solutions and Trade-offs
				The Intellectual Property System
				Trade-offs in Organizing Knowledge Production
			Optimizing Intellectual Property Protection: Issues of Length and Breadth
				Length of Protection
				Breadth of Protection
		INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND SOME LEGACIES OF HISTORY
			Patents
				Encouraging Technology Transfer
				Protecting Intellectual Property
				Creating a U.S. Patent System
			Copyrights
		CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
II The Case For and Against a Uniform Worldwide Intellectual Property Rights System
	Introduction
	3 Why a Uniform Intellectual Property System Makes Sense for the World
		A UNIFORM SYSTEM: WHAT IT IS AND IS NOT
		BENEFITS FOR NATIONS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
			A Subject Little Studied
			Research Findings From Interviews
			What Does Free Riding Accomplish?
			Pent-up Demand
			Diffusion of Benefits
			Global Benefits
		REBUTTALS
			Ethics
			Dominance
			Economics
			Prowess First, Then Protection
		TRENDS TOWARD HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEMS
		INSTALLING A UNIFORM, HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEM
		CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	4 Harmonization Versus Differentiation in Intellectual Property Right Regimes
		NATIONAL INTEREST AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES
		CASE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES
			To Protect or Not to Protect
			Specifics of Patenting
			Levels of Enforcement
		OPEN-ECONOMY CONSIDERATIONS
		CONCLUDING REMARKS: A GLOBAL WELFARE PERSPECTIVE
		REFERENCES
	5 Unauthorized Use of Intellectual Property: Effects on Investment, Technology Transfer, and Innovation
		I. INTRODUCTION
		II. RATIONALE FOR THE PATENT SYSTEM
		III. CHANGING POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE PATENT SYSTEM: EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
		IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: INDUSTRIALIZED VERSUS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
		V. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY VIA FOREIGN DIRE ...
		VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
		VII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND JOINT VENTURES
		VIII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO SUBSIDIARIES
		IX. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND LICENSING OF TECHNOLOGY
		X. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION
		XI. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER RANKINGS OF COUNTRIES
		XII. COMPARISONS WITH FINDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
		XIII. REASONS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN SOME COUNTRIESIS REGARDED AS INADEQUATE
		XIV. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERINDUSTRY VARIATION IN THE EVALUATION OF PROTECTION IN PARTICULAR C ...
		XV. A SIMPLE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON COUNTRY DATA
		XVI. A MORE DISAGGREGATED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
		XVII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND COMPOSITION OF DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
		XVIII. EFFECTS OF UNAUTHORIZED USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ON SALE SAND PROFITS OF U.S. FIRMS
		XIX. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
		XX. NEEDED RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHA ...
		XXI. NEEDED RESEARCH ON EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ...
		XXII. CONCLUSIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
		REFERENCES
	Discussion
III National and International Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights
	Introduction
	6 Comparative National Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights
		JAPAN
		THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
		INDIA
			CHARACTERISTICS
				Exclusions from Patentability
				Rights Conferred
				Burden of Proof
				Compulsory Licensing
				Term of Protection
			RATIONALE
			RELEVANCE
			THE URUGUAY ROUND
		THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
			RECENT IPR REFORMS IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
			THE FORCES BEHIND IPR REFORMS IN THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
			FINAL REMARKS
		REFERENCES
	7 Update on International Negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights
		GENERAL COMMENTS
		NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY RIGHTS1
			Copyright and Related Rights
			Patents
			Semiconductor Layout Designs
			Trade Secrets
			Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
			Transitional Periods Before Parties Must Adhere to the Entire TRIPS Agreement
		WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION DISCUSSIONS
			Patent Law Harmonization Treaty
			Trademark Law Harmonization Treaty
			Possible Protocol to the Berne Convention
			Settlement of Intellectual Property Disputes Between States
	Discussion
IV Scientific and Technological Advance and Its Impact on the Role of Intellectual Property Rights
	Introduction
	8 Trends in Global Science and Technology and What They Mean for Intellectual Property Systems
		INTRODUCTION
		THREE SELECTED TRENDS
			Trend One—More Surprises from Science
			Trend Two—Proliferation and Globalization of Research
			Trend Three—Short, Quick Steps at a Premium
		TWO GENERAL PRINCIPLES
			Principle One: Change Will Be Constant, So Keep Intellectual Property Flexible
			Principle Two: Activity Will Be Global, So Make Intellectual Property Global
		OBSERVATIONS
			As Ideology Fades, Technology Will Drive Development
			As Economies Open, Invention Will Flourish
			As Research Grows, Everyone Will Benefit
		ACKNOWLEDGMENT
		REFERENCES
	9 Sectoral Views
		THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY
		THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
		U.S. INDUSTRY
	10 Intellectual Property Rights and Competitive Strategy
		A MULTINATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FIRM
		A MULTINATIONAL ELECTRONICS FIRM
		THE MEXICAN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
		A MULTINATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRM
			EVOLUTION
			THE MODERN ERA
			CONCLUSION
	Discussion
		GLOBAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
		INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY
V Adapting Intellectual Property Rights to New Technologies
	Introduction
		FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
		EXISTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PARADIGMS
		SUI GENERIS APPROACHES
		INTERNATIONAL ADAPTATION
		SMALL BUSINESS
		NEED FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
		ORGANIZATION OF THE SECTION
	11 Adapting the Intellectual Property System to New Technologies
		THREE PARADIGM TECHNOLOGIES
			Biotechnology
				Special Issues
				Outline of Solutions, Thus Far
			Computer Programs
				Special Issues
				Solutions, Thus Far
			Integrated Information Networks
				Special Issues
				Adaptations, Thus Far
		EVALUATION: DOCTRINAL ISSUES
			Case Law Processes
			The Alternative: Sui Generis Approaches
			Summary
		EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-GRANTING PROCESS
		EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-ENFORCING PROCESS
			Judicial Enforcement
			Informal Approaches
		OVERALL IMPLICATIONS
			Ability of the System to Adapt to Increasing Innovation Rates
			Specific Doctrinal Implications of the Three Examples
			Broader Implications
	12 A Case Study on Computer Programs
		HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
			Phase 1: The 1950s and Early 1960s
			Phase 2: Mid-1960s and 1970s
			Phase 3: The 1980s
		CURRENT LEGAL APPROACHES IN THE UNITED STATES
			What's Not Controversial
			Controversies Arising From Whelan v. Jaslow
			Traditionalist Versus Strong Protectionist View of What Copyright Law Does and Does Not Protect in C ...
			Controversy Over "Software Patents"
			Nature of Computer Programs and Exploration of a Modified Copyright Approach
		INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
			Europe
			Japan
			Other Nations
		FUTURE CHALLENGES
			Advanced Software Systems
			Digital Media
			Networks
			Patents and Information Infrastructure of the Future
			Conflicts Between Information Haves and Have-Nots on an International Scale
	13 Biotechnology Case Study
	14 Semiconductor Chip Protection as a Case Study
		DEFINING THE TECHNOLOGY
		PROTECTION-SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
		INTERNATIONALIZING PROTECTION
		CONCLUSIONS
		ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	15 Optoelectronics
		PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
		PROTECTION OF PATENTS
		PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: AT&T VERSUS LYTEL
		RECOMMENDATION ON PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
		PROTECTION OF PATENTS: SPECTRA PHYSICS VERSUS COHERENT RADIATION
		RECOMMENDATION ON PATENTS
		SUMMARY
	Discussion
VI Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective
	Introduction
	16 Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective: A Concluding Panel Discussion
		ROBERT E. EVENSON
		DAVID C. MOWERY
		MICHAEL BORRUS
		ROBERT W. LUCKY
		EUGENE B. SKOLNIKOFF
		REFERENCES
	Discussion
		MODERATOR'S SUMMATION
Coda Issues for Future Research
VII Appendixes
	APPENDIX A CONFERENCE AGENDA
	APPENDIX B Biographies of Contributors
		Albert R.C. Westwood, Conference Chairman
		James E. Armstrong III
		John A. Armstrong
		John H. Barton
		Arden L. Bement, Jr.
		Michael Borrus
		Paul A. David
		Robert E. Evenson
		Claudio Frischtak
		Morton David Goldberg
		Eugene I. Gordon
		Jacques J. Gorlin
		Bryan Harris
		William L. Keefauver
		Robert W. Lucky
		Edwin Mansfield
		George W. McKinney III
		Antonio Medina Mora Icaza
		Bruce D. Merrifield
		David C. Mowery
		Deepak Nayyar
		John T. Preston
		Carlos Alberto Primo Braga
		George B. Rathmann
		Pamela Samuelson
		Robert M. Sherwood
		Eugene B. Skolnikoff
		Otto A. Stamm
		Michiyuki Uenohara
Index