Particle Dark Matter: Observations, Models and Searches

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgements......Page 24
Symbols......Page 25
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 26
Part I: Dark matter in cosmology......Page 30
1.1 Introduction......Page 32
1.2 The baryon budget......Page 33
1.3 The case for cold dark matter: good news and bad news......Page 34
1.4 Portrait of a suspect......Page 36
1.5 Observing cold dark matter......Page 39
1.6 The future......Page 41
2.1 From cold collapse to hierarchical clustering – a brief history......Page 43
2.2 Results from collisionless simulations......Page 46
2.2.1 Mass function of haloes......Page 48
Halo formation, density profiles and concentrations......Page 49
Inner density profiles......Page 51
Shapes, spin and velocity distributions......Page 52
2.2.3 Substructure......Page 54
Subhalo abundance: velocity and mass functions......Page 55
Subhalo evolution and their final spatial distribution......Page 57
Other halo substructure: caustics, streams and voids......Page 59
2.2.4 Effects of baryons......Page 61
2.3.1 y-rays from dark matter annihilation......Page 63
2.3.2 Nearby dark matter distribution and charged particles from dark matter annihilation......Page 64
2.3.3 Local dark matter distribution, direct detection and capture in the Sun......Page 65
Acknowledgements......Page 66
3.1.1 Historical review......Page 67
3.1.2 The Milky Way in the era of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey......Page 68
3.1.3 Classification of Milky Way satellites......Page 69
3.1.4 Dark matter in satellite galaxies......Page 71
3.1.5 Metallicity, gas content and star formation in dwarfs......Page 74
3.2.1 Historical review......Page 75
3.2.2 Cold streams as a probe of substructure......Page 76
3.3 Central profiles and the nature of dark matter......Page 77
3.3.1 Constraining models of particle dark matter......Page 78
3.4 Indirect detection of dark matter from Milky Way satellites......Page 80
3.4.1 Boost to annihilation signal from subhaloes within subhaloes......Page 82
3.5 Future prospects......Page 84
4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.2 Gravitational lensing theory......Page 86
4.2.1 Deflection angle and lens equation......Page 87
4.2.2 Gravitational convergence and shear......Page 89
4.3 Evidence for dark matter from strong lenses......Page 92
4.4 Cold dark matter confronted to gravitational lenses......Page 94
4.4.1 Weak gravitational lensing......Page 95
4.4.2 The collisionless nature of dark matter......Page 97
4.4.3 The CDM haloes compared with lensing observations......Page 101
4.4.4 Cosmic shear and CDM models......Page 105
4.5 Hot dark matter: limits on neutrino masses from lensing......Page 106
4.6 Dark matter or modified gravity?......Page 107
4.7 Conclusion and outlook......Page 109
Acknowledgements......Page 111
5.1 Phenomenology of galactic nuclei......Page 112
5.2.1 Cusps versus cores......Page 115
5.3 Dark matter in collisionless nuclei......Page 117
5.3.1 Black hole adiabatic growth models......Page 118
5.3.3 Gravitational-wave recoil......Page 120
5.4 Dark matter in collisional nuclei......Page 121
5.5 The Galactic centre......Page 123
5.6 Dwarf spheroidal galaxies......Page 126
Acknowledgements......Page 127
6.1 Missing mass in galaxies and clusters of galaxies......Page 128
6.2.1 The paradigm......Page 131
6.2.2 Several roles of a0......Page 132
6.3.1 What is behind MOND?......Page 134
6.3.2 MOND as modified gravity – AQUAL theory......Page 135
6.3.3 N-body simulations à la MOND......Page 137
6.4.2 The vector field......Page 138
6.4.3 The scalar field......Page 139
6.4.4 Properties of TeVeS......Page 140
6.5.1 The background......Page 141
6.5.2 Strong lensing......Page 143
6.5.3 Weak lensing......Page 144
6.5.4 TeVeS cosmology......Page 145
6.5.5 Epilogue......Page 146
Part II: Candidates......Page 148
7.1 Dark matter particles: relics from the pre-BBN era......Page 150
7.2.1 The standard production mechanism......Page 152
7.2.2 Annihilations and co-annihilations......Page 155
7.3.1 Gravitational mechanisms......Page 159
7.4 Thermal and non-thermal production in non-standard cosmologies......Page 162
7.4.1 Low temperature reheating (LTR) models......Page 164
7.4.2 Models that only change the pre-BBN Hubble parameter......Page 168
8.1 Motivations......Page 171
8.2 The MSSM and R-parity......Page 173
8.3 Possible supersymmetric dark matter candidates......Page 176
8.4 Renormalization-group equations and electroweak symmetry breaking......Page 180
8.5 The CMSSM......Page 182
8.6 mSUGRA......Page 188
8.7 Other possibilities......Page 190
8.8 Summary......Page 191
9: Dark matter at the electroweak scale: non-supersymmetric candidates......Page 193
9.1 New symmetries at the TeV scale and dark matter......Page 195
9.2 Dark matter from extra dimensions: Kaluza--Klein DM......Page 196
9.2.1 Universal extra dimensions......Page 201
Direct and indirect detection......Page 202
9.2.3 Flat non-universal extra dimensions......Page 204
9.2.5 Warped extra dimensions......Page 205
9.2.6 Warped GUT models with Z3......Page 206
Relic density......Page 207
9.2.7 Warped models with Z2......Page 208
9.2.8 Warped models with KK parity......Page 209
9.2.10 Hidden sector string-inspired dark matter......Page 210
9.3 Little Higgs dark matter......Page 211
9.5 Mirror dark matter......Page 212
9.6.1 Singlet scalar models......Page 213
9.6.2 Inert (scalar) doublet model......Page 214
9.6.3 Minimal (fermionic) dark matter......Page 215
9.6.4 Heavy neutrinos......Page 216
9.8 Connecting dark matter and the baryon asymmetry......Page 217
9.9 Conclusion......Page 218
10.1 Motivations......Page 219
10.2.1 Candidates and relic densities......Page 220
10.2.2 Astrophysical signals......Page 221
BBN and CMB......Page 222
Small-scale structure......Page 224
Colliders......Page 225
10.3.1 Candidates and relic densities......Page 227
10.3.2 Direct and indirect detection signals......Page 230
11.1.1 The strong CP problem......Page 233
11.1.2 Axion properties......Page 234
11.1.3 Constraints from laboratory searches and astrophysics......Page 235
11.2.1 Axion field evolution......Page 237
Zero mode......Page 240
Non-zero modes......Page 241
11.2.3 String decay......Page 244
11.3.1 The cold axion cosmological energy density......Page 248
11.3.2 Velocity dispersions......Page 249
11.4 Axion miniclusters......Page 251
11.5 Axion isocurvature perturbations......Page 253
12.1 Particle physics motivation......Page 257
The GUT see-saw......Page 259
The EW see-saw......Page 260
12.2.1 Search for DM sterile neutrino in X-rays......Page 261
12.2.2 Lower mass bounds from dwarf spheroidals......Page 264
12.2.3 Lower mass bounds from Lyman-alpha forest data......Page 265
12.2.4 Warm versus cold dark matter......Page 267
12.3.1 Active--sterile mixing......Page 268
12.3.2 Particle decays......Page 274
12.4 Conclusions......Page 276
Acknowledgements......Page 277
Part III Collider searches......Page 278
13: SUSY searches at the LHC......Page 280
13.1 Discovery channels......Page 281
13.2.1 Masses......Page 284
13.2.2 Rates......Page 290
13.2.3 Quantum numbers......Page 291
13.3 Parameter extraction......Page 293
13.3.1 mSUGRA toy model......Page 294
13.3.2 Weak-scale MSSM......Page 297
13.3.3 Combining measurements......Page 301
13.4 Dark matter and the LHC......Page 303
13.5 Outlook......Page 304
14.1 Introduction......Page 305
14.2.1 Basic microscopic properties of dark matter particles......Page 308
14.2.2 Mechanisms of dark matter annihilation......Page 310
14.2.4 Decoupling of heavy SUSY particles......Page 313
14.3.1 Landscape of future hadron colliders......Page 314
14.3.2 Discovery of the WIMP......Page 315
14.3.3 Estimation of the WIMP mass......Page 316
14.3.4 Identification of the new physics model......Page 319
14.3.5 Estimation of the WIMP relic density......Page 320
14.4.1 Landscape of future lepton colliders......Page 322
14.4.2 Estimation of the WIMP mass......Page 325
14.4.3 Identification of the new physics model......Page 326
14.4.4 Estimation of the WIMP relic density......Page 327
14.4.5 Estimation of the direct detection cross-section......Page 331
14.5 Collider measurements and astrophysical questions......Page 332
15.1.1 Definition......Page 335
15.1.2 Mass spectrum......Page 337
15.1.3 Collider signals......Page 338
15.2 Warped extra dimensions......Page 340
15.2.1 Generic features of warped space-time......Page 341
15.2.2 Mass spectrum......Page 343
15.2.3 Collider signals......Page 344
15.3.1 Spin measurements from invariant mass distributions......Page 346
15.3.2 Higher-level KK resonance searches......Page 349
15.3.3 Spin measurements from production cross-sections......Page 351
15.3.4 Spin measurements from angular distributions......Page 352
15.3.5 Spin measurements from quantum interference......Page 353
16: SUSY tools......Page 354
16.1.1 The Boltzmann equation......Page 355
16.1.2 Solving the Boltzmann equation......Page 356
16.1.3 Co-annihilation criteria......Page 358
16.1.4 Annihilation cross-section......Page 359
16.2 Direct detection......Page 360
16.3 Indirect detection......Page 363
16.3.1 Neutrinos from the Sun/Earth......Page 364
16.3.2 Charged cosmic rays......Page 365
16.3.3 Gamma-rays and neutrinos......Page 366
16.4 Exploring the parameter space......Page 367
16.5 Interface with collider and precision measurements codes......Page 369
Acknowledgements......Page 373
Part IV: Direct detection......Page 374
17.2 Event rate......Page 376
17.2.1 Spin-dependent contribution......Page 378
17.2.2 Spin-independent contribution......Page 379
17.2.3 Hadronic matrix elements......Page 381
17.3.2 Speed distribution......Page 382
17.3.3 Earth\'s motion......Page 383
17.3.4 Ultra-fine structure......Page 384
17.4.1 Energy dependence......Page 385
17.4.2 Time dependence......Page 387
17.4.3 Direction dependence......Page 389
17.5.1 Supersymmetric WIMPs......Page 391
17.5.2 Kaluza–Klein dark matter in UED......Page 393
17.5.4 Minimal models and other approaches for dark matter......Page 395
17.5.6 Discrimination of dark matter candidates......Page 396
18.1 The annual modulation signature and the target material......Page 399
18.2 The DAMA/NaI and DAMA/LIBRA experiments......Page 402
18.3 The model-independent results......Page 403
18.4 The corollary quests for the candidate particle(s)......Page 408
18.5 Comparison with other activities......Page 409
18.6 Future perspectives......Page 410
19.1 The DAMA annual modulation effect......Page 412
19.2 Supersymmetric candidates......Page 415
19.3 Additional candidates......Page 418
20.1 Introduction......Page 420
20.2.1 Physics processes......Page 421
20.2.2 Charge collection......Page 422
20.2.3 Phonon and heat signals......Page 425
20.2.4 Light collection......Page 426
20.3.1 Germanium detectors at 77 K......Page 427
20.3.2 Sapphire bolometers......Page 429
20.4 Ionization phonon bolometers......Page 430
20.4.1 EDELWEISS......Page 431
20.5.1 CRESST......Page 433
20.5.2 ROSEBUD......Page 436
20.6 MACHe3......Page 438
20.7 Prospects for 1 ton detectors......Page 439
21.1.1 Physical properties of noble liquids......Page 442
21.1.2 Ionization and scintillation production......Page 443
21.1.3 Relative scintillation efficiency of nuclear recoils......Page 445
21.1.4 Ionization yield of nuclear recoils......Page 447
21.1.5 Electron attachment and light absorption by impurities......Page 448
21.2.1 The XENON experiment......Page 449
21.2.2 The ZEPLIN experiments......Page 453
21.2.3 The LUX experiment......Page 456
21.3.1 The WArP experiment......Page 457
21.3.2 The ArDM experiment......Page 459
21.4.1 The XMASS experiment......Page 461
21.4.2 The DEAP/CLEAN experiments......Page 463
22.1 Direct dark matter detection technologies and directionality......Page 466
22.2 The directional signature and statistics......Page 467
22.3 Directional detector concepts......Page 469
22.4 Gas detector physics – diffusion and straggling......Page 471
22.5 TPC gamma background rejection and energy threshold......Page 476
22.6 TPC neutron background rejection, solar neutrinos and radon......Page 479
22.8 WIMP detection and directional sensitivity in practice......Page 481
22.9 Head–tail recoil discrimination, theory and experiment......Page 485
22.10 Experimental status and readout technology......Page 486
22.10.1 NEWAGE......Page 487
22.10.2 MIMAC......Page 488
22.10.4 DRIFT......Page 490
22.11 Scale-up and a future WIMP telescope......Page 492
23: Axion searches......Page 496
23.1 Constraints on axion properties......Page 497
23.1.2 Laboratory constraints......Page 498
23.1.3 RF cavity......Page 507
23.1.5 The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX)......Page 509
23.1.6 The Kyoto Axion Experiment (CARRACK)......Page 514
23.2 Conclusions......Page 516
Part V: Indirect detection and astrophysical constraints......Page 518
24.1 Annihilation......Page 520
24.1.1 Large contributions at high energy from internal QED bremsstrahlung......Page 521
24.1.2 Annihilation into 2y or Zy......Page 522
24.1.3 Sommerfeld enhancement and ‘explosive’ annihilation......Page 523
24.2 Decaying dark matter......Page 525
24.3 Galactic centre......Page 526
24.4.1 Subhaloes......Page 528
24.4.2 Intermediate-mass black holes......Page 531
24.4.3 Caustics and streams......Page 532
24.5 The extragalactic signal......Page 533
24.6 Connection between antimatter and gamma-ray signal......Page 534
25.1 Searching for dark matter with neutrinos......Page 536
25.2 The capture and annihilation of WIMPs in the Sun......Page 538
25.3 The neutrino spectrum......Page 540
25.4 Neutrino telescopes......Page 542
25.5 The case of neutralino dark matter......Page 545
25.6 The case of Kaluza–Klein dark matter......Page 547
26.2 Propagation of antinuclei in the Galaxy......Page 550
26.3 Antiprotons in cosmic rays......Page 553
26.3.1 Secondary antiprotons......Page 554
26.3.2 Antiprotons from DM annihilation......Page 556
26.4 Antideuterons in cosmic rays......Page 561
26.4.1 Secondary antideuterons......Page 562
26.4.2 Antideuterons from DM annihilation......Page 564
26.5 Positrons in cosmic rays......Page 566
26.5.1 Secondary positrons......Page 570
26.5.2 DM signals in cosmic positrons......Page 573
26.6 Conclusions......Page 575
27.1 Introduction......Page 576
27.1.1 The electron–positron equilibrium number densities......Page 578
Energy loss term......Page 579
Spatial diffusion and re-acceleration......Page 580
Convection or advection effects......Page 582
27.1.2 Multi-frequency emissivities and intensities......Page 583
Radio emission......Page 584
27.2.1 The Coma cluster......Page 585
27.2.3 The Ophiuchus cluster......Page 587
27.3.2 X-ray constraints from local dwarfs......Page 588
27.4.1 The Galactic centre......Page 590
27.4.2 Galactic mini-haloes......Page 591
27.5 Radio observations......Page 592
27.6 Conclusions and overview......Page 593
28.1 Introduction......Page 594
28.2 Standard BBN theory......Page 596
28.3.1 4He......Page 598
28.3.2 D......Page 599
28.3.4 7Li......Page 600
28.3.5 6Li and 9Be......Page 601
28.4 Cascade nucleosynthesis from energy injection......Page 602
28.5 Residual DM annihilation during BBN......Page 605
28.6 Catalysed BBN (CBBN)......Page 608
Properties of the bound states......Page 609
Catalysis at 8 keV: enhancement of 6Li and 9Be......Page 610
28.7 DM production during BBN: NLSP→LSP example......Page 612
29: Dark matter and stars......Page 615
29.1 DM capture and annihilation in stars......Page 616
29.2 The Earth and other planets......Page 618
29.3 Main-sequence stars......Page 620
29.4 Compact objects......Page 622
29.5 Pop III stars......Page 628
Acknowledgements......Page 630
References......Page 631
Index......Page 765