Parasitoids in Pest Management

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editor Biography
Contributors
1. Insect Parasitoids
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Order: Diptera
		1.2.1 Family: Cecidomyiidae
		1.2.2 Family: Nemestrinidae
		1.2.3 Family: Bombyliidae
		1.2.4 Family: Asilidae
		1.2.5 Family: Phoridae
		1.2.6 Family: Pipunculidae
		1.2.7 Family: Tachinidae
		1.2.8 Family: Sarcophagidae
	1.3 Order: Coleoptera
		1.3.1 Family: Carabidae
		1.3.2 Family: Scarabidae
		1.3.3 Family: Rhipiceridae
		1.3.4 Family: Cleridae
		1.3.5 Family: Rhipiphoridae
		1.3.6 Family: Meloidae
		1.3.7 Family: Passandridae
		1.3.8 Family: Bothrideridae
		1.3.9 Family: Curculionidae
	1.4 Order: Lepidoptera
		1.4.1 Family: Epipyropidae
		1.4.2 Family: Cyclotornidae
	1.5 Order: Hymenoptera
		1.5.1 Family: Braconidae
		1.5.2 Family: Ichneumonidae
		1.5.3 Family: Mymaridae
		1.5.4 Family: Trichogrammatidae
		1.5.5 Family: Eulophidae
		1.5.6 Family: Elasmidae
		1.5.7 Family: Pteromalidae
		1.5.8 Family: Encyrtidae
		1.5.9 Family: Aphelindae
		1.5.10 Family: Eupelmidae
		1.5.11 Family: Chalcididae
		1.5.12 Family: Eurytomidae
		1.5.13 Family: Torymidae
		1.5.14 Family: Ormyridae
		1.5.15 Family: Leucopsidae
		1.5.16 Family: Euchartidae
		1.5.17 Family: Perilampidae
		1.5.18 Family: Signiphoridae
		1.5.19 Family: Eucoilidae
		1.5.20 Family: Figitidae
		1.5.21 Family: Platygatseridae
		1.5.22 Family: Scelonidae
		1.5.23 Family: Bethylidae
	1.6 Order: Neuroptera
		1.6.1 Family: Mantispidae
	1.7 Conclusions
	1.8 Points to Remember
	References
2. Ichneumonid Parasitoids
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Systematic Account
		2.1.2 Life History
	2.2 Biological Control Utilising Ichneumonidae
		2.2.1 Subfamilies of Indian Ichneumonidae
	2.3 Mass Rearing
	2.4 Conclusions
	2.5 Points to Remember
	References
3. Braconid Parasitoids
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Diagnosis and Key Characters
		3.2.1 Classification - Subfamily and Tribes
		3.2.2 List of Subfamilies and Tribes Reported from India
	3.3 Molecular Characterisation and Phylogeny
		3.3.1 Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Glyptapanteles
		3.3.2 Biodiversity and Species Richness
	3.4 Sexual Dimorphism
	3.5 Biology
		3.5.1 Braconid Parasitoids of Recent Invasive Pest
		3.5.2 Immature Taxonomy
		3.5.3 Integrative Taxonomy
		3.5.4 Taxonomic Problems
		3.5.5 Economic Importance
		3.5.6 Collection and Preservation Techniques
		3.5.7 Workers on Indian Fauna
	3.6 Conclusions
	3.7 Points to remember
	References
4. Aphidiinae Parasitoids (Braconidae: Hymenoptera)
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Diversity and Zoogeographical Distribution
		4.2.1 Diversity in India and Adjacent Countries
	4.3 Fossil Aphidiines
	4.4 Collection, Rearing and Identification
	4.5 Biology
	4.6 Foraging
	4.7 Hyperparasitoids
	4.8 Diapause
	4.9 Host Parasitoid Relationship
	4.10 Population Dynamics
	4.11 Effective Aphidiine Biocontrol Agents
		4.11.1 Success Story
			4.11.1.1 Biocontrol of Walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) in USA
			4.11.1.2 Biocontrol of Citrus Aphids, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii BdF in France
			4.11.1.3 Biocontrol of Rose-grain Aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) in Australia
			4.11.1.4 Biocontrol of Brown Peach Aphid, Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky) in Yemen
			4.11.1.5 Biocontrol of Cypress Aphid, Cinara cupressivora Watson & Voegtlin in Africa
			4.11.1.6 Biocontrol of Aphis gossypii Glover on Cucurbits in India
			4.11.1.7 Biocontrol of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover on Chrysanthemums in Greenhouse
	4.12 Mass Rearing
	4.13 Constraints of Using Aphidiines in Biocontrol
	4.14 Conclusions
	4.15 Points to Remember
	Acknowledgments
	References
5. Pteromalid Parasitoids
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Identification Features
		5.1.2 Brief History and Systematic Position
	5.2 Diversity of Pteromalidae
	5.3 Biology
	5.4 Effective Biocontrol Agents
		5.4.1 Mass Rearing
	5.5 Conclusions
	5.6 Points to Remember
	References
6. Encyrtid Parasitoids
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Systematic Position
		6.1.2 India
	6.2 Characteristics of Encyrtidae
	6.3 Biology
	6.4 Effective Encyrtid Biocontrol Agents
	6.5 Mass Rearing of Important Encyrtid Parasitoids
	6.6 Case Studies
	6.7 Conclusions
	6.8 Points to Remember
	References
7. Chalcidoid Parasitoids
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Diversity and Distribution of Chalcids
	7.3 Common and Effective Parasitoids and Their Hosts
		7.3.1 Some Successful Biocontrol Parasitoids in India
			7.3.1.1 Family Aphelinidae
			7.3.1.2 Family Encyrtidae
			7.3.1.3 Family Eulophidae
			7.3.1.4 Family Trichogrammatidae
	7.4 Characteristics of Effective Biocontrol Agents
	7.5 Rearing Techniques, Mass Production and Field Application
	7.6 Threat and Conservation Status
	7.7 Conclusions
	7.8 Points to be Remember
	Acknowledgements
	References
8. Eulophid Parasitoids
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Basic Characters for Identification
	8.3 Diversity and Biology
	8.4 History of Eulophidae Research
		8.4.1 Taxonomic Position of Eulophidae
		8.4.2 Studies on Euophid Fauna of the World
		8.4.3 Eulophid Research in India
		8.4.4 Exploration of Eulophids as Biocontrol Agents
	8.5 Host Parasitoid Index of Eulophid Parasitoids in India
	8.6 Mass Rearing of Important Eulophid Parasitoids
		8.6.1 Mass Multiplication of Tamarixia Radiata
		8.6.2 Mass Multiplication of Tetrastichushowardii
		8.6.3 Mass Multiplication of Tetrastichusisraeli and Trichospiluspupivora
	8.7 Successful Biocontrol Agents
	8.8 Conclusions
	8.9 Points to Remember
	References
9. Trichogrammatid Parasitoids
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Systematics
	9.3 History and Classification
	9.4 Size and Distribution
	9.5 Diversity and Host Range
	9.6 Biology
	9.7 Ecology and Behaviour
	9.8 Geographical Strains of Trichogrammatids
	9.9 Improvement of Trichogrammatids
	9.10 Mass Production and Biological Control
	9.11 Release Strategies of Trichogrammatids
	9.12 Conclusions
	9.13 Points to Remember
	Acknowledgements
	References
10. Scelionid Parasitoids
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Systematic Position
	10.2 Characteristics of Scelionidae
		10.2.1 Diagnosistic Characters of Scelionidae
	10.3 Diversity of Scelionidae
	10.4 Biology
	10.5 Effective Scelionid Biocontrol Agents
	10.6 Scelionids in Biocontrol Programs
		10.6.1 Successful Biocontrol Programs in India, Using Scelionidae (Singh, 2004)
	10.7 Conclusions
	10.8 Points to Remember
	References
11. Aphelinid Parasitoids
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Distribution and Diversity
	11.3 Biology
	11.4 Hosts of Aphelinid Parasitoids
	11.5 Important Parasitoids
		11.5.1 Genus: aphelinus Dalman
		11.5.2 Genus: Aphytis Howard
		11.5.3 Genus: Botryoideclava Subba Rao
		11.5.4 Genus: Centrodora Foerster
		11.5.5 Genus: Coccobius Ratzeburg
		11.5.6 Genus: Coccophagoides Girault
		11.5.7 Genus: Coccophagus Westwood
		11.5.8 Genus: Encarsia Foerster
		11.5.9 Genus: Eretmocerus Haldeman
		11.5.10 Genus: Eriaphytis Hayat
		11.5.11 Genus: Marlattiella Howard
		11.5.12 Genus: Paraphytis Compere
		11.5.13 Genus: Proaphelinoides Girault
		11.5.14 Genus: Protaphelinus Mackauer
		11.5.15 Genus: Pteroptrix Westwood
		11.5.16 Genus: Umairia Hayat
	11.6 Mass Production
		11.6.1 Encarsiaperniciosi
		11.6.2 Aphelinus Mali
		11.6.3 Aphytis Melinus
		11.6.4 Aphytis Proclia
	11.7 Role in Biological Control
	11.8 Field Release Across the Globe
	11.9 Success Stories
	11.10 Conclusions
	11.11 Points to Remember
	References
12. Beneficial Diptera
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Phylogeny and Classification
		12.1.2 Habits and Habitat
		12.1.3 Ecosystem Services
		12.1.4 Life Cycle and Developmental Stages
		12.1.5 Feeding Behaviour
	12.2 Carnivory in Diptera: Predators, Parasites and Parasitoids
		12.2.1 Evolution of Carnivory in Diptera
		12.2.2 Diptera Predators
		12.2.3 Diptera Parasitoids
		12.2.4 Biology of Diptera Parasitoids
	12.3 Rearing, Mass Production, and Field Application of Diptera Parasitoids
		12.3.1 In-vivo Rearing Technique
		12.3.2 In-vitro Rearing Technique
		12.3.3 Adult Rearing and Management
		12.3.4 Storage and Transportation of Reared Flies
	12.4 The Future of Dipterans as Biocontrol Agents
	12.5 Conclusions
	12.6 Points to Remember
	References
Index