Parasites: Immunity And Pathology: The Consequences Of Parasitic Infections In Mammals

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
1.2  HOST-PARASITE ARMS RACES......Page 19
Adaptation budgets......Page 20
1.3.  PARASITISM: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES......Page 21
1.4.  PATHOLOGY......Page 22
1.5.  PARASITISM AS A FORCE IN EVOLUTION......Page 24
1.6.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNITY AND PATHOLOGY......Page 26
1.7.  THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS......Page 29
1.8.  PATHOLOGY AND VACCINATION......Page 30
1.9.  THE VICIOUS CIRCLE......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
2.1.  INTRODUCTION......Page 37
Trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)......Page 38
Leishmania glycoconjugates......Page 39
Malaria stage-specific antigens......Page 41
Schistosome antigens......Page 45
Nematode antigens......Page 47
2.4.  ANTIGENS CONSERVED BETWEEN HOST AND PARASITE......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
3.2.  BONE MARROW AS THE SOURCE OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS......Page 53
Cytokines drive bone marrow cell differentiation......Page 55
Cytokines act in a hierarchical way to control haemopoiesis......Page 57
Differential production of cytokines by helper T-cell subsets......Page 58
Monocytes/macrophages......Page 59
Mast cells......Page 60
Eosinophils......Page 63
Basophils......Page 65
Neutrophils......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 67
4.2.  ANTIGEN HANDLING—SETTING THE SCENE......Page 71
4.3.  ANTIGEN PROCESSING—AN OVERVIEW......Page 72
4.4.  ANTIGEN-MHC INTERACTION......Page 75
4.5.  THE T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR......Page 78
4.6.  SECONDARY SIGNALS......Page 80
4.7.  APC CHARACTERISTICS AND CELLULAR COOPERATION......Page 81
Dendritic cells......Page 82
B lymphocytes......Page 83
4.8.  ANTIGEN HANDLING DURING PARASITIC INFECTION—THE STORY SO FAR......Page 85
The site of antigen presentation......Page 86
The presentation of defined parasite antigens......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
Foetal development......Page 92
T-cell development......Page 93
5.3.  THE ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHOID TISSUE......Page 95
Antibodies as effectors......Page 97
Antibodies as immune regulators......Page 98
T-helper cells......Page 99
T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells......Page 101
5.7.  LYMPHOKINES......Page 103
Eosinophils......Page 105
Macrophages......Page 107
Neutrophils, platelets, basophils, and mast cells......Page 108
5.9.  PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN VIVO—THE REAL WORLD......Page 109
Antibody......Page 110
5.11.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
6.1.  INTRODUCTION......Page 118
6.2.  LABORATORY MODELS......Page 119
Helminths......Page 120
Protozoans......Page 125
6.3.  GENETIC CONTROL OF REGULATORY MECHANISMS—A COMMON THEME?......Page 127
6.4.  GENETIC CONTROL OF PARASITE-INDUCED PATHOLOGY......Page 130
Helminths......Page 131
Protozoan infections......Page 133
6.6.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 135
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 137
7.2.  INTRA-ERYTHROCYTIC PROTOZOAN PARASITES......Page 139
7.3.  MACROPHAGE PARASITES......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 152
Skin cells and their functions......Page 157
Key characteristics of the secondary skin response to infection......Page 159
The human skin response to infection......Page 160
Skin responses in laboratory models......Page 161
8.3.  NEMATODE PARASITES......Page 163
Skin penetrating, soil transmitted nematodes......Page 168
8.4.  PLATYHELMINTH PARASITES......Page 171
Primary response to infection with Schistosoma mansoni......Page 172
Acquired immunity to Schistosoma mansoni......Page 173
Acquired resistance to Schistosoma japonicum......Page 176
Arachnid ectoparasites......Page 177
Insect ectoparasites......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 183
Airways......Page 191
Lymphatics and lymph nodes......Page 193
Paragonimus sp., the lung flukes......Page 195
The metastrongyle nematodes......Page 196
9.4.  PARASITES WHICH ENTER VIA BLOOD VESSELS AND LEAVE VIA THE AIRWAYS......Page 200
Hookworms......Page 202
Strongyloides sp.......Page 203
The ascarid nematodes......Page 204
9.5.  PARASITES MAKING AN INTRAVASCULAR MIGRATION THROUGH THE LUNGS......Page 206
Filarial infections and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia......Page 207
Schistosomes......Page 208
9.6.  MISCELLANY: ACCIDENTAL PARASITES IN THE LUNGS......Page 210
9.7.  PULMONARY PARASITE INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMIZED HOST......Page 214
9.8.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
10.1.  MUCOSAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS......Page 224
10.2.  GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (GALT)......Page 225
Peyer’s patches......Page 227
Intra-epithelial lymphocytes......Page 228
10.4.  CYTOKINES AND MUCOSAL IMMUNITY......Page 229
10.5.  THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INTESTINAL HELMINTHS......Page 230
T-cell dependence of the inflammatory response......Page 231
Role of mast cells and IgE in intestinal inflammation and mucosal defense......Page 233
Role of mucus in intestinal defense......Page 237
Role of inflammatory mediators in intestinal defense mechanisms......Page 238
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
11.2.  LUMINAL EVENTS DURING INFECTION......Page 252
Mucus......Page 253
IgA......Page 254
11.3.  FACTORS INFLUENCING PATHOGENESIS......Page 255
Inflammation......Page 257
Lamina propria, epithelium and smooth muscle......Page 260
Gastrointestinal motility......Page 262
Gastrointestinal secretion......Page 265
11.6.  NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES......Page 270
Adaptations......Page 271
Malabsorption, metabolic changes and reduced food intake as contributors to weight loss......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 275
Introduction......Page 282
Epidemiology of helminth infection......Page 283
Introduction......Page 284
The regulatory role of acquired immunity......Page 286
Epidemiological consequences of immunological memory......Page 287
Mathematical models of immunity......Page 288
Immunological causes of heterogeneity......Page 290
Secondary loss of immunocompetence......Page 292
Introduction......Page 293
Rates of reinfection......Page 294
Immunology or ecology?......Page 295
12.5.  IMMUNITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PARASITE CONTROL......Page 296
12.6.  PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS......Page 297
12.7.  INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITE SPECIES......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
13.1.  INTRODUCTION......Page 304
Genetically determined unresponsiveness......Page 306
Neonatal unresponsiveness......Page 308
Reduced immunocompetence in mature hosts......Page 310
Manipulation of parasite antigens to reduce overall immunogenicity to the host......Page 318
Manipulation of parasite antigens to enable evasion of the host-effector mechanisms......Page 322
Manipulation of host molecules by parasites as an antigenic disguise: masquerading as self......Page 329
Manipulation of the host immune system......Page 331
Resistance to host-effector mechanisms......Page 335
13.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
14.2.  TYPES OF VACCINES......Page 348
14.3.  PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING ANTI-PARASITE VACCINES......Page 350
14.4.  ANIMAL MODELS......Page 352
Vaccines against human parasites......Page 353
Vaccines against parasites of veterinary importance......Page 358
14.6.  FUTURE VACCINES AND THEIR EVALUATION......Page 360
14.7.  VACCINATION IN ERADICATION AND CONTROL......Page 361
14.8.  CONCLUSIONS......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363
Index......Page 366