Paper-Based Medical Diagnostic Devices: As a Part of Bioanalysis-Advanced Materials, Methods, and Devices

Contents
About the Editor
Paper-Based Diagnostic Device History and Challenges
	1 History of Paper-Based Diagnostic Devices
	2 Challenges of Paper-Based Diagnostic Devices
	References
Basic Paper-Based Microfluidics/Electronics Theory
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Paper
		2.1 Physical Properties
		2.2 Electrical Properties
	3 Paper-Based Microfluidics
		3.1 Fluid Flow in Paper
		3.2 Effect of Gravity
		3.3 Effect of Hydrophobic Barriers
		3.4 Effect of Evaporation and Humidity
		3.5 Mixing Flow
		3.6 Fully Wetted Flow
	4 Electrokinetics in Paper-Based Microfluidics
		4.1 Electro-Osmosis
		4.2 Electrophoresis
		4.3 Electrowetting
	5 Conclusion
	References
Novel Materials and Fabrication Techniques for Paper-Based Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 New Fabrication Methods for Devices with Controllable Wicking Speeds
		2.1 Slower Wicking
		2.2 Faster Wicking
		2.3 Flow Shutoff
		2.4 Automatic Timed Flow
	3 Novel Method to Form Paper-Based Channels
		3.1 3D Wax Patterning
	4 Conclusion and Perspective
	References
Technical Features and Challenges of the Paper-Based Colorimetric Assay
	1 Introduction
	2 Colorimetric Transduction
		2.1 Redox Indicators
		2.2 Nanoparticles
		2.3 Other Colorimetric Transduction Methods
	3 Reporting Systems
		3.1 Scanners
		3.2 Cell Phone Cameras
		3.3 Luminosity and Lighting Conditions
		3.4 Handheld Readers
	4 General Strategies to Improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	5 Conclusion
	References
Paper-Based Nucleic Acid Detection for Point-of-Care Diagnostics
	1 Introduction
	2 Key Aspects of Paperfluidic Devices for Nucleic Acid Detection
		2.1 Sample Preparation/Purification
		2.2 Nucleic Acid Amplification
		2.3 Electrokinetic Sample Preconcentration
		2.4 Integration of Sample Preparation and Nucleic Acid Analysis on a Single Paperfluidic Chip
	3 Emerging Technologies of Paperfluidic-Based Diagnostics
		3.1 Synthetic Biology-Based Approaches
		3.2 CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches
	4 Conclusion and Perspective
	References
Paper-Based Biosensors with Lateral/Vertical Flow Assay
	1 History and Market of the Lateral Flow Assay
	2 Basic Structure and Operation of the LFA
	3 Formats of the LFA
	4 LFA Applications for the Detection of Various Analytes
	5 Recent Advances in LFA Techniques
		5.1 Architecture Tuning for Flow Control in the LFA
		5.2 Different Nanomaterials for Labeling Conjugates
		5.3 Different Types of Recognition Elements
		5.4 Other Efforts to Improve LFA Performance
	6 Conclusions
	References
Paper-Based Applications for Bacteria/Virus
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Relevance of Paper-Based Point-of-Care (POC) Devices
		1.2 Paper Properties
		1.3 Modifications of Paper-Based Technologies
	2 Technologies for Bacteria and Virus Diagnosis
		2.1 Paper Plates
		2.2 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs)
		2.3 Three-Dimensional Slip Pads (3D Slip Pads)
	3 Detection of Pathogens
		3.1 Protein
		3.2 Nucleic Acid
	4 Detection Methods
		4.1 Colorimetric
		4.2 Electrochemical Detection
	5 Future Prospects
	6 Summary
	References
Paper-Based Molecular Diagnostics
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT)
		1.2 Technologies for Nucleic Acid Testing: Extraction, Amplification, and Detection
		1.3 Paper-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics
	2 Paper as a Platform for NAT
		2.1 Extraction of Nucleic Acid on Paper
		2.2 Detection of Nucleic Acid on Paper
		2.3 Paper Chip for Amplification and Detection of Nucleic Acid
		2.4 Whole Nucleic Acid Testing Process on Paper Platform
		2.5 Fully Integrated Paper System for Extraction, Amplification, and Detection of Nucleic Acid
		2.6 Summary
	3 Future Outlook
	References