Pandemics and Global Health

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Pandemics and Global Health in the 21st Century
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Reasons Behind Emergence and Reemergence  of Infectious Diseases
	Endemic (Greek en Meaning in and Demos Meaning People)
	Epidemic (Greek Epi Meaning Upon or Above and Demos Meaning People)
	Pandemic (Greek Pan Meaning All and Demos Meaning People)
	Stages of a Pandemic
	Pandemics and Global Health
	Climate Change and Disease Emergence
	Conclusıon
	References
Chapter 2
Epidemics and Pandemics: The Kerala Model
	Abstract
	Pandemics and Epidemics: An Introduction
	COVID-19 Virus: Origin and Characteristics
	Kerala: Demography and Local Setting
	Epidemics in Kerala
	Nipah Outbreaks: A Learning Experience to Kerala
	Novel Coronavirus in Kerala
	How Did Kerala Tackle the Pandemic?
		Close Monitoring and Screening
		Early Diagnosis of Passengers from Abroad
		Screening at State Borders
		Quarantine System and Testing
		Sentinel Surveillance
		Incessant Treatment Facilities for the Needy
		Educating the Society
		Print, Visual and Social Media Campaigns
		Managing Guest Workers
	Infrastructures Engaged in Supporting  the Healthcare System
		COVID Specialised Treatment Centres
		Disha and Norka
	Manpower Support System Involved
		Kerala Police
		Asha Workers and Kudumbashree
		Volunteering Services
	Present Scenario of the State
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Human Diaspora and Pandemics: A Review in the Context of COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Coronavirus Pandemic in the World
	Coronavirus Hit Intensity Induced  by Population Dispersal Intensity
	Present Scenario of COVID-19 in the World
		A Virtual Relationship of Airport and COVID-19 in the World
	A Virtual Relationship of COVID-19, Aviation and Migration in the Indian Context
		Epidemic in India
		Lockdown and Interstate Migration
		The Indian Diaspora
		How Is COVID-19 Hitting India?
		COVID-19 and Return Migration in the Indian Context
		‘Samudra Setu’ and Return Migration
		Vande Bharat Mission
	Migration from India
		Diaspora of Kerala towards COVID-19  and Vande Baharat Mission
			COVID-19 in Kerala Context
			Migration Trend of Keralite from 1998 to 2018
			Return Migration by Indian Navy in COVID-19 Period
			Vande Bharat Mission in Kerala
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Appendix 1. Consolidated Data of COVID-19 Cases in Relations with Airports, Distance and Days After the Report from China
	References
Chapter 4
The Role of Vaccines  in Public Health
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Value of Childhood Combination Vaccines
	Importance of Veterinary Vaccines to Animal Health and Public Health
	Types of Vaccines
	Flavivirus Vaccines
	Dengue Virus Vaccines
	Gonorrhoea and Gonococcal Vaccines
	Influenza Vaccine
	Melioidosis Biodefense Vaccine
	Pneumococcal Vaccines
	Rotavirus Vaccines
	Tuberculosis Vaccine
	Hepatitis Vaccine
	Modern Vaccines
	RNA-Based Technologies
	Genomics-Based Antigen Selection
	Structural Vaccinology
	Proteomics Based Antigen Selection Approaches
	Transcriptomics
	COVID-19 Vaccines
	Anti-Vaccination Attitude among Public
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5
A Review on COVID-19 Vaccines
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Covaxin
	ZyCOV-D
	Serum Institute of India’s Covishield Vaccine
	Live Attenuated Vaccines
	Sputnik
	Pfizers-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine
	Moderna Vaccine
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Vaccination and Public Health
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background Information
	Impact of Vaccines
	Future of Vaccination
	Vaccine Growth
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Pandemics: A Travel through Historic Times
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Athenian Plague 430 BC
	The Antonine Plague
	The Justinian Plague
	The Black Death
	Spanish Flu (1918- 1920)
	HIV Pandemic
	Smallpox (1972)
	SARS
	Swine Flu or H1N1/09 Pandemic
	Ebola (2014- 2016)
	Zika (2015- 2016)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Tumultuous Epidemics in India: A Historic Overview
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemics
		Types
		Transmission
	Cholera Pandemics I-VI (1817-1899)
	Bombay Plague Epidemic (1896)
	Polio Epidemic (1970-1990)
	Smallpox Epidemic (1974)
	Plague (1994)
	Meningococcal Meningitis Epidemic (2005)
	Dengue Outbreak (2006)
	Chikungunya Outbreak (2006)
	Gujarat Hepatitis Outbreak (2009)
	Odisha Jaundice Outbreak (2014-2015)
	Swine Flu Outbreak (2014-2015)
	Encephalitis Outbreak (2017)
	Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)
	Malaria and TB Continue to Grip India
	Coronavirus (2019)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Rise of Microbes and Pandemics in Shaping Human Civilization
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Plague
	“Spanish Flu” Pandemic (1918–1920)
	HIV Pandemic (1980)
	Smallpox Outbreak in Former Yugoslavia (1972)
	Nipah (1999)
	SARS (2003)
	MERS (2012)
	Ebola Outbreak (2014–2016)
	ZIKA (2015–2016)
	Corona Virus (2019)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
COVID-19 Pandemic: A Boon or Bane for Nature
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment during Lockdown Period
	Reduction of Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	Reduction of Water Pollution
	Reduction of Noise Pollution
	Tourism and Ecosystem Balance
	Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment during Post Lockdown Period
	A New Future
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Mental Health Issues in COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Mental Health Issues in COVID-19
	Children and COVID-19
	Influence of Social Media on COVID-19
	First COVID-19 Suicide Case in Bangladesh
	Remedy Measures
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
The Impact of COVID-19 on Youngsters
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background of the Study
	Material and Methods
	Result and Discussion
	Suggestions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
The Pandemic and Its Impacts with a Special Focus on COVID-19 Situation in India
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Result and Discussion
	Features of Pandemic
	Pandemic Impact
		Health Effects
		Economics Impacts
		Social Impacts
		Security Impacts
	COVID-19 Pandemic
		Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown
		Background of COVID-19 Pandemic in India
		COVID-19 and Farming in India
		Lockdown and Impacts on Agriculture Production
		Lockdown and Impacts on Trade and Tourism
		Lockdown and Impacts on Education
		Lockdown and Impacts on Media Sectors
		Lockdown and Impacts on Health
		Lockdown and Impacts on Vulnerable People
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14
The Pandemic AIDS
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		HIV Structure
		Viral Genes and Antigens
		Antigenic Variation and Diversity
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical Features of HIV Infection
		Epidemiology
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Confirmatory Test
		Rapid Tests
		HIV Antigen Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prophylaxis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
The Plague Pandemic
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Great World Pandemics
		Justinian Plague of 541-544
		The ‘Black Death’ of Europe in 1347 to 1352
		The Third Pandemic of 1894
	Plague: A Bioterrorist Agent
		Etiology
		Morphology
		Culture
		Identification Tests
		Biotypes of Yersinia pestis
		Epidemiology
		Vectors
		Reservoir
		Antigens
		Other Possible Virulence Determinants Include
		Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
			Bubonic Plague
			Pneumonic Plague
			Septicemic Plague
		Diagnosis
			Lab Diagnosis in the Rat
			Autopsy
			Microscopic Demonstration
			Culture
			Animal Inoculation
			Serological Tests
			Passive Hemagglutination Test
			Direct Demonstration
			Culture
			Animal Inoculation
			Serology
			Molecular Methods
		Antibiotic Treatment
		Prophylactic Measures
		Vaccines
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16
Future Pandemics:  Agents, Potential and Impacts
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Crimean-Congo Heamorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV)
		Symptoms
		Diagnosis
		Prevention and Treatment
	Ebola
		Signs and Symptoms
		Prevention and Treatment
	Marburg
		Symptoms
		Prevention and Treatment
	Viral Infections by Corona Virus
		Symptoms
		Prevention and Treatment
	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-Cov)
		Symptoms
		Prevention and Control
	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-Cov-2)
	Hanta Virus
		Symptoms
	Adeno Virus
		Symptoms
		Prevention and Treatment
	Disease X
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17
SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetics
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Structure of Coronavirus
	Common Features of Coronaviruses Include
	Viral Entry and Pathophysiology
	Why Are Diabetic Patients More Prone to COVID-19?
	DPP-4 Receptor
	The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) Receptor
	COVID-19 Impact on Diabetes
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18
Pandemics and Ethnomedicine
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Ethnomedicine in Pandemics
	COVID-19
	Advantages of Plant-Based Formulations in Pandemics
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19
Identification of Active Plant Constituents to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by Molecular Docking Studies: A Comprehensive Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Particularities of the Virus
	Remedies from Plant Sources
		Caffeic Acid
		Scopoletin
		Quercetin
		Catechin
		Chlorogenic Acid
		Palmatine
		Mangiferin
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20
Pandemics in European Literature: A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pandemic Fictions
	Pandemic Non-Fictions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21
Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on India’s Foreign Trade
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editors
Index
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