Pakistan at Seventy: A handbook on developments in economics, politics and society

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
1. An overview
	Introduction
	The Pakistan story
	Politics, theory and practice
	Pakistan’s dependence on the outside world
	Economic development and the importance of good governance
	Social underdevelopment
	Some problems that need government’s attention
	The final word
	Notes
PART I:Politics, theory and practice
	2. The Pakistan story
		Introduction
		A difficult beginning
		Some ‘what ifs?’ concerning Pakistan
		Evolution of the economy and the political system
		Political periods in Pakistan’s history
		What could have been?
		Pakistan at 80: the next 10 years
		Notes
	3. Unintended consequences: The long shadow of Partition on Pakistan and India
		Introduction
		Unintended consequences
		Two-nation theory: a flawed design
		Path dependency and unintended consequences
		The asymmetric Partition as yet another unintended consequence
		Partition: the birth and destiny of two nations
		Pakistan and India: contrasting theories of the nation
		Beyond Partition: an agenda for India and Pakistan
		Conclusion
		Notes
	4. Evolution of politics
		First leaders
		Institutions
		Militarization of political development
		Building a nation and building its defences
		Growth of civil society
		Conclusion
		Notes
	5. Islam, society and politics in Pakistan
		The social and cultural impact of the khanqahs
		Sufi Islam and the social structure of South Asian Muslim society
		Islam and politics in Pakistani society
		Emerging tensions between the two strands of Islam
		Islamization and the rise of Orthodox Islam and sectarianism
		Portraits of religiosity in Pakistan
		Conclusion
		Notes
	6. Sustained political progress: The supportive role of the military
		The making of today’s Pakistan Army
		Political developments and civil-military relations
		The military’s role in national development
		Conclusion
		Notes
	7. The media in Pakistan: Idiom, ideology and the army
		Idiom and ideology
		The Dawn leaks affair
		The Islamabad lockdown
		Army as arbite
		The Bol TV affair
		Threatened by terrorists and/or the army
		Hamid Mir and the army
		Sethi’s ordeal: a divided media
		Conclusion: the darkness ahead
		Notes
PART II:Pakistan’s dependence on the outside world
	8. Pakistan, power-play and a new South Asian paradigm
		Introduction
		Foreign policy models and Pakistan
		The United States and the West
		China
		Islamic countries
		The United States
		Conclusion
		Notes
	9. The making of foreign policy: Changing parameters
		Notes
	10. Living in a rapidly changing world
		The United States
		Afghanistan
		China
		India
		Russia
		Iran
		The Middle East and the world of Islam
		US national security goals
		Notes
	11. Defenders of the crescent: Pakistan-Saudi Arabia relations
		Introduction
		Past as prelude
		Strategic or transactional allies
		Economic engagement
		Defence ties
		Saudi Arabia’s response to Pakistan’s wars and crises
		Yemen and the Qatar crisis tests of alliance resilience?
		The future of the Pakistan-Saudi Arabian alliance in the new Saudi Arabia of Mohammed bin Salman
		Notes
	12. Adversarial peace: India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry
		Introduction
		History of the rivalry
		The intractable issue of Kashmir
		Crises, conflicts, wars before nuclearization
		India–Pakistan rivalry in the 1960s
		The 1965 war
		The 1970s and India–Pakistan rivalry
		Crises in the shadow of the bomb
		Cold start or hot air?
		Conclusion
		Notes
	13. A potential game changer: The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
		Introduction
		The main components of the CPEC
		Financing arrangements
		Implementation arrangement
		Current status
		Regional implications of the CPEC
		Potential benefits
		Potential risks
		Summary and recommendations
		Notes
PART III:Economic development and the importance of good governance
	14. Macroeconomic achievements and challenges
		A brief history of macroeconomic management
		Income and expenditure of the public sector
		The external sector
		The role of the IMF
		Can the future be different?
		Notes
	15. History of the development discourse in Pakistan
		Introduction
		The utility of economic history
		Pakistan’s development context
		History of economic planning in Pakistan
		The first three Five-Year Plans
		Discourse following the first Human Development Report
		The human development discourse
		Foucauldian discourse analysis
		Conclusion
		Notes
	16. Recent economic developments and prospects
		Recovery and growth
		Price stability
		Resumption of fiscal pressures
		Widening external account imbalances
		Prospects and challenges
		Notes
	17. Economic governance
		Key institutions proposed for restructuring and strengthening
		Accountability/transparency/oversight
		Security
		Growth
		Equity
		Conclusion
		Notes
	18. Praetorian bureaucratization of the political system and politicization of bureaucracy
		Part 1
		Part 2
		Part 3
		Part 4
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART IV:Social underdevelopment
	19. Getting technology to work for social development
		Major challenges
		Health conditions in Pakistan
		Notes
	20. Akhuwat: New microcredit stories
		Introduction
		Microfinance and the Islamic microfinance sector in Pakistan
		History and background
		Current prevalence and importance of Islamic microfinance in Pakistan
		The need for interest-free microcredit in Pakistan
		An introduction to Akhuwat
		History and emergence of Akhuwat
		Objectives of Akhuwat
		The philosophy of Akhuwat
		Five core values
		The ground-breaking model followed by Akhuwat
		What makes Akhuwat different?
		Where Akhuwat stands today
		Global outreach
		What Akhuwat symbolizes
		Conclusion
		Notes
	21. Private sector in education
		Introduction
		Background to the rise in private education
		Growth of private sector managed schools
		The cash subsidy concept pioneered by the Punjab Education Foundation
		Private sector at the tertiary level
		Growth of private universities
		Notes
	22. Educating and employing women
		Notes
PART V:Energy and the environment
	23. The downward spiral of the quality of life in Pakistan: Is control possible, or even desired?
		Do the Pakistanis want to control this downward spiral?
		Pakistan’s governance and institutional frameworks to improve quality of life
		Is control of the downward spiral possible, and what will it take?
		Notes
	24. Water problems and solutions
		Historical perspective
		Institutional reforms
		The issues
		Declining water availability
		Water quality
		Ground water depletion
		Climate change: a new worry
		The analysis
		Policy failure
		Institutional and market failure
		Which policy actions are needed?
		Reforming institutions
		Reducing environmental externality
		Notes
	25. Ways of solving the energy problem
		Introduction
		Pakistan’s key energy issues: a synthesis
		The critical significance of the CPEC
		Building capacity
		The IEP concept
		Brief history and international experience
		India-Pakistan energy trade
		Size and characteristics of the energy sector
		IEP in Pakistan: history and prospects
		Restarting IEP and potential pitfalls
		Addressing Pakistan’s energy issues through IEP
		A glimpse into the future
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART VI:Conclusion
	26. The last word
		Notes
	27. Postscript
		Notes
Index