Pain Review: Expert Consult: Online and Print (Expert Consult Title: Online + Print)

Cover Page......Page 1
ISBN: 978-1416058939......Page 2
Section 1 Anatomy......Page 4
Section 3 Painful Conditions......Page 5
Section 5 Nerve Blocks, Therapeutic Injections, and Advanced Interventional Pain Management Techniques......Page 6
Review Questions and Answers, Index......Page 8
Preface......Page 3
Section 1 Anatomy......Page 10
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 12
2 The Olfactory Nerve—Cranial Nerve I......Page 13
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The Visual Field Pathways......Page 15
Clinical Evaluation of the Optic Nerve and Visual Pathway......Page 16
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4 The Oculomotor Nerve—Cranial Nerve III......Page 19
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5 The Trochlear Nerve—Cranial Nerve IV......Page 22
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6 The Trigeminal Nerve—Cranial Nerve V......Page 24
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The Vestibular Nerve......Page 31
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10 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve—Cranial Nerve IX......Page 34
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11 The Vagus Nerve—Cranial Nerve X......Page 38
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12 The Spinal Accessory Nerve—Cranial Nerve XI......Page 43
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The Cervical Vertebral Canal......Page 56
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22 The Cervical Dermatomes......Page 60
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24 The Cervical Epidural Space......Page 63
Structures Encountered During Midline Insertion of a Needle into the Cervical Epidural Space......Page 64
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26 The Ligaments of the Cervical Spine......Page 68
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The Intervertebral Disc......Page 74
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The Focal Disc Protrusion......Page 76
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60 The Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and Ganglia......Page 119
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62 The Celiac Plexus......Page 122
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80 Functional Anatomy of the Sacroiliac Joint......Page 150
Pain Generators......Page 151
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81 Functional Anatomy of the Knee......Page 153
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The Midfoot......Page 164
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Section 2 Neuroanatomy......Page 172
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96 The Spinal Cord—Cross-Sectional Anatomy......Page 175
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98 The Spinal Nerves—Organizational and Anatomic Considerations......Page 178
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104 The Extrapyramidal System......Page 188
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105 The Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 190
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106 The Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 193
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112 Functional Anatomy of the Dorsal Root Ganglia and Dorsal Horn......Page 204
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114 The Cerebrum......Page 207
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116 The Hypothalamus......Page 212
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Section 3 Painful Conditions......Page 218
Treatment ABORTIVE TREATMENT......Page 220
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 221
Clinical Signs and Symptoms......Page 222
Differential Diagnosis......Page 223
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Differential Diagnosis......Page 225
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Treatment......Page 228
Signs and Symptoms......Page 229
Gabapentin......Page 230
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 231
Testing......Page 232
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CORNEAL ABRASIONS......Page 234
UVEITIS......Page 235
Functional Anatomy of the Ear as It Relates to Pain......Page 236
AURICULAR PAIN......Page 237
THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE AND MIDDLE EAR......Page 238
Throat Pain......Page 239
Signs and Symptoms......Page 240
SUGGESTED READING......Page 241
Differential Diagnosis......Page 242
Testing......Page 243
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 244
Differential Diagnosis......Page 245
Testing......Page 246
Signs and Symptoms......Page 247
137 Fibromyalgia of the Cervical Musculature......Page 248
Differential Diagnosis......Page 249
Signs and Symptoms......Page 250
SUGGESTED READING......Page 251
Treatment......Page 253
Signs and Symptoms......Page 254
141 Costosternal Syndrome......Page 255
142 Manubriosternal Joint Syndrome......Page 256
SUGGESTED READING......Page 257
Treatment......Page 258
Testing......Page 259
Signs and Symptoms......Page 260
Signs and Symptoms......Page 261
Signs and Symptoms......Page 262
SUGGESTED READING......Page 263
Differential Diagnosis......Page 264
Signs and Symptoms......Page 265
Baclofen......Page 266
150 Spasmodic Torticollis......Page 267
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 268
Gabapentin......Page 269
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 270
PHYSICAL MODALITIES......Page 271
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 272
DRUG THERAPY Opioid Analgesics......Page 273
Other Neurosurgical Options......Page 274
Differential Diagnosis......Page 275
Signs and Symptoms......Page 276
Signs and Symptoms......Page 277
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 278
Treatment......Page 279
Differential Diagnosis......Page 280
Testing......Page 281
Signs and Symptoms......Page 282
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 283
Signs and Symptoms......Page 284
162 de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis......Page 285
163 Dupuytren’s Contracture......Page 286
SUGGESTED READING......Page 287
Differential Diagnosis......Page 288
Anticonvulsants......Page 289
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 290
SUGGESTED READING......Page 291
Differential Diagnosis......Page 292
167 Postmastectomy Pain......Page 293
Treatment......Page 294
Signs and Symptoms......Page 295
NERVE BLOCKS......Page 296
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 297
ADJUVANT ANALGESICS......Page 298
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 299
Testing......Page 300
171 Spondylolisthesis......Page 301
SUGGESTED READING......Page 302
Differential Diagnosis......Page 303
Signs and Symptoms......Page 304
SUGGESTED READING......Page 305
Differential Diagnosis......Page 306
Testing......Page 307
176 Genitofemoral Neuralgia......Page 308
SUGGESTED READING......Page 309
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Treatment......Page 311
Testing......Page 312
Signs and Symptoms......Page 313
SUGGESTED READING......Page 314
Testing......Page 315
Testing......Page 316
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Treatment......Page 322
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 327
TREATMENT......Page 328
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 329
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Signs and Symptoms......Page 331
Signs and Symptoms......Page 332
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Stages......Page 337
SUGGESTED READING......Page 338
Signs and Symptoms......Page 339
Differential Diagnosis......Page 340
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT WITH DISEASEMODIFYING DRUGS......Page 341
TREATMENT WITH PHYSICAL MODALITIES, ORTHOTICS, AND PHYSICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY......Page 342
Signs and Symptoms......Page 343
Treatment......Page 344
200 Scleroderma-Systemic Sclerosis......Page 345
Differential Diagnosis......Page 346
Signs and Symptoms......Page 347
SUGGESTED READING......Page 348
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204 Conversion Disorder......Page 351
SUGGESTED READING......Page 352
206 Thermal Injuries......Page 353
207 Electrical Injuries......Page 354
208 Cancer Pain......Page 355
Establishing a Pain Diagnosis......Page 356
209 Multiple Sclerosis......Page 358
210 Post-Polio Syndrome......Page 361
211 Guillain-Barre´ Syndrome......Page 363
SUGGESTED READING......Page 364
SUGGESTED READING......Page 365
The Neurobiology of Addiction......Page 366
Placebo......Page 367
SUGGESTED READING......Page 368
Section 4 Diagnostic Testing......Page 370
215 Radiography......Page 372
SUGGESTED READING......Page 373
216 Nuclear Scintigraphy......Page 374
SUGGESTED READING......Page 375
SUGGESTED READING......Page 376
219 Discography......Page 377
The Role of Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies in the Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Disease......Page 378
The Role of Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Disease......Page 379
The Role of Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies in the Diagnosis of Myopathies......Page 380
Visual Evoked Potentials......Page 381
BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS......Page 382
COGNITIVE EVOKED POTENTIALS......Page 383
Single-Dimension Pain Assessment Tools VISUAL ANALOG SCALE......Page 384
MEMORIAL PAIN ASSESSMENT CARD......Page 385
SUGGESTED READING......Page 386
223 Pain Assessment Tools for Children and the Elderly......Page 389
SUGGESTED READING......Page 390
Section 5 Nerve Blocks, Therapeutic Injections, and Advanced Interventional Pain Management Techniques......Page 394
Side Effects and Complications......Page 396
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225 Atlantoaxial Block......Page 398
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Lateral Approach......Page 400
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 401
Technique......Page 402
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Side Effects and Complications......Page 404
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229 Trigeminal Nerve Block—Coronoid Approach......Page 406
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231 Supratrochlear Nerve Block......Page 409
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Intraoral Approach......Page 411
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 412
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Extraoral Approach......Page 416
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236 Vagus Nerve Block......Page 418
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238 Phrenic Nerve Block......Page 421
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240 Superficial Cervical Plexus Block......Page 424
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242 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Block......Page 427
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Vertebral Body Approach......Page 429
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 430
244 Radiofrequency Lesioning of the Stellate Ganglion......Page 431
SUGGESTED READING......Page 432
Medial Branch Technique......Page 433
BLIND TECHNIQUE......Page 434
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 435
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247 Cervical Epidural Nerve Block—Translaminar Approach......Page 438
Technique of Cervical Epidural Nerve Block......Page 439
THE LOSS-OF-RESISTANCE TECHNIQUE......Page 440
SUGGESTED READING......Page 441
248 Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block......Page 443
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Supraclavicular Approach......Page 445
Axillary Approach......Page 446
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 447
250 Suprascapular Nerve Block......Page 448
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252 Median Nerve Block at the Elbow......Page 451
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253 Ulnar Nerve Block at the Elbow......Page 453
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Technique......Page 458
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258 Intravenous Regional Anesthesia......Page 461
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259 Injection Technique for Intra-articular Injection of the Shoulder......Page 463
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262 Injection Technique for Tennis Elbow......Page 467
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264 Injection Technique for Olecranon Bursitis Pain......Page 470
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266 Technique for Intra-articular Injection of the Wrist Joint......Page 473
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268 Injection Technique for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 476
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270 Technique for Intra-articular Injection of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb......Page 479
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272 Intra-articular Injection of the Metacarpophalangeal Joints......Page 482
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274 Thoracic Epidural Block......Page 485
Midline Approach......Page 486
Paramedian Approach......Page 487
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 488
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276 Thoracic Facet Block......Page 491
Intra-articular Technique......Page 492
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277 Thoracic Sympathetic Block......Page 494
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279 Radiofrequency Lesioning—Intercostal Nerves......Page 497
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280 Interpleural Nerve Block......Page 499
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281 Sternoclavicular Joint Injection......Page 501
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283 Costosternal Joint Injection......Page 504
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285 Injection Technique for Lumbar Myofascial Pain Syndrome......Page 507
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286 Splanchnic Nerve Block......Page 509
SUGGESTED READING......Page 510
287 Celiac Plexus Block......Page 511
Two-Needle Retrocrural Technique......Page 512
Single-Needle Transaortic Technique......Page 513
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC–GUIDED TECHNIQUE......Page 514
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 515
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289 Iliohypogastric Nerve Block......Page 520
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291 Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block......Page 523
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292 Radiofrequency Lesioning—Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion......Page 525
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294 Lumbar Facet Block......Page 529
FLUOROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE......Page 530
FLUOROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE......Page 531
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 532
295 Lumbar Epidural Block......Page 533
Transforaminal Approach......Page 534
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296 Lumbar Subarachnoid Block......Page 537
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297 Caudal Epidural Nerve Block......Page 539
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298 Lysis of Epidural Adhesions: Racz Technique......Page 543
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299 Sacral Nerve Block......Page 545
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Single-Needle Blind Technique......Page 547
Two-Needle Blind Technique......Page 548
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 549
Blind Technique......Page 550
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303 Sacroiliac Joint Injection......Page 553
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305 Injection Technique for Ischial Bursitis......Page 556
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306 Injection Technique for Gluteal Bursitis......Page 558
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307 Injection Technique for Psoas Bursitis......Page 560
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309 Injection Technique for Trochanteric Bursitis......Page 563
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310 Injection Technique for Meralgia Paresthetica......Page 565
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311 Injection Technique for Piriformis Syndrome......Page 567
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The Psoas Technique......Page 569
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 570
313 Femoral Nerve Block......Page 572
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314 Obturator Nerve Block......Page 574
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The Anterior Approach......Page 576
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 577
316 Tibial Nerve Block at the Knee......Page 578
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317 Tibial Nerve Block at the Ankle......Page 580
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319 Common Peroneal Nerve Block at the Knee......Page 583
SUGGESTED READING......Page 584
320 Deep Peroneal Nerve Block at the Ankle......Page 585
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322 Sural Nerve Block at the Ankle......Page 588
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325 Injection Technique for Suprapatellar Bursitis......Page 593
SUGGESTED READING......Page 594
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327 Injection Technique for Superficial Infrapatellar Bursitis......Page 596
SUGGESTED READING......Page 597
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SUGGESTED READING......Page 599
330 Intra-articular Injection of the Toe Joints......Page 600
SUGGESTED READING......Page 601
Hypobaric Neurolytic Solution Technique......Page 602
Hyperbaric Neurolytic Solution Technique......Page 603
SUGGESTED READING......Page 604
332 Lumbar Discography......Page 607
SUGGESTED READING......Page 609
333 Vertebroplasty......Page 611
SUGGESTED READING......Page 612
334 Spinal Cord Stimulation......Page 613
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 615
335 Totally Implantable Infusion Pumps......Page 616
SUGGESTED READING......Page 618
Section 6 Physical and Behavioral Modalities......Page 620
Choosing a Therapeutic Heat Modality......Page 622
Chemical Heating Packs......Page 623
Deep Heating Modalities MODALITIES THAT DELIVER HEAT BY CONVERSION......Page 624
Ultrasound......Page 625
SUGGESTED READING......Page 626
ICE RUBS......Page 627
338 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation......Page 628
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY......Page 629
Contraindications to TENS......Page 630
339 Acupuncture......Page 631
340 Biofeedback......Page 632
SUGGESTED READING......Page 633
Section 7 Pharmacology......Page 634
341 Local Anesthetics......Page 636
SUGGESTED READING......Page 637
342 Chemical Neurolytic Agents......Page 638
Prostaglandin Synthesis and the Analgesic Effects of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs......Page 639
The Anti-inflammatory Drugs SALICYLATES......Page 640
SELECTION......Page 641
CELECOXIB (CELEBREX)......Page 642
SUGGESTED READING......Page 643
344 Opioid Analgesics......Page 644
Tolerance......Page 648
Mechanism of Action......Page 649
Overdosage......Page 650
Absorption and Metabolism......Page 651
SEROTONIN AND NORADRENERGIC REUPTAKE INHIBITORS Venlafaxine (Effexor)......Page 652
How to Use the Antidepressant Compounds as Analgesics—Practical Considerations......Page 653
SUGGESTED READING......Page 654
Category 1 Anticonvulsants—Drugs That Modulate the Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel......Page 655
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)......Page 656
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)......Page 657
DIVALPROEX SODIUM (DEPAKOTE)......Page 658
SUGGESTED READING......Page 659
347 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 660
Individual Skeletal Muscle Relaxants CARISOPRODOL (SOMA)......Page 661
ORPHENADRINE CITRATE (NORFLEX)......Page 662
DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)......Page 663
QUININE SULFATE (QUINAMM)......Page 664
SUGGESTED READING......Page 665
Section 8 Special Patient Populations......Page 666
348 The Parturient and Nursing Mother......Page 668
349 The Pediatric Patient with Headaches......Page 669
Age at Onset......Page 670
Character and Severity of Pain......Page 671
Family History......Page 672
Migraine Equivalents......Page 673
350 The Pediatric Patient with Pain......Page 674
351 Pain in the Older Adult......Page 676
SUGGESTED READING......Page 677
Section 9 Ethical and Legal Issues in Pain......Page 678
SUGGESTED READING......Page 680
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 681
354 Prescribing Controlled Substances......Page 682
355 Prevention of Drug Diversion, Abuse, and Dependence......Page 683
SUGGESTED READING......Page 684
Review Questions and Answers......Page 686
Review Questions......Page 688
Answers......Page 743
A......Page 748
C......Page 750
D......Page 753
F......Page 754
G......Page 755
H......Page 756
I......Page 757
L......Page 758
M......Page 759
N......Page 761
P......Page 762
R......Page 764
S......Page 765
T......Page 768
V......Page 769
Z......Page 770