Oxidative Stress: Its Mechanisms, Impacts on Human Health and Disease Onset

Front Cover
OXIDATIVE STRESS
OXIDATIVE STRESS: ITS MECHANISMS AND IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ONSET
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
I - Oxidative stress and disease
	1 - Introduction
		1.1 Oxidative stress
		1.2 Oxidative stress measuremnt
		1.3 Major book topics
		References
	2 - Chemicals and chemical mixtures
		2.1 Historical perspective
		2.2 Chemical characteristics–octanol: water partition coefficients
		2.3 Lipophilic organic chemicals
		2.4 Hydrophilic organic compounds
		2.5 Metals
		2.6 Nonmetallic inorganic chemicals
		2.7 Chemical mixtures
		2.8 Traditional toxicology
			2.8.1 Toxicological data
			2.8.2 Chemical impact
		2.9 Chemical mixtures
			2.9.1 Additivity
			2.9.2 Antagonism
			2.9.3 Potentiation
			2.9.4 Synergism
		2.10 Unanticipated effects of mixtures
		2.11 Lipophile–hydrophile mixtures
		2.12 Lipophile–lipophile mixtures
		2.13 Sequential absorption
		2.14 Diseases caused by chemicals
		2.15 Chemically caused disease and oxidative stress
		References
	3 - Particles and fibers
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Particle and fiber sources and content
		3.3 Oxidative stress (OS)
			3.3.1 Crystalline silica (CS)
			3.3.2 Asbestos
			3.3.3 Heavy metals
			3.3.4 Radionuclides
			3.3.5 Fly ash
			3.3.6 Plastics
		3.4 Dust
		References
	4 - Air pollution and oxidative stress
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Ambient air pollutants
		4.3 Confined air pollutants
		4.4 Air pollution and oxidative stress
		References
	5 - Water and soil pollution
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Water polluting chemicals
			5.2.1 Priority pollutants
			5.2.2 Agricultural chemicals
			5.2.3 Urban runoff
			5.2.4 Industrial chemicals
		5.3 Chemical reactions in groundwater
		5.4 Disinfection bye-products
		5.5 Soil pollution
		5.6 Plant absorption of soil toxins and bioacculation
		5.7 Effects of mixtures
		5.8 Oxidative stress from polluted water and soil
		References
	6 - Alcohol
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Effect of alcohol on nutrients and pharmaceuticals
		6.3 Effect of alcohol on toxicities of other chemicals
		6.4 Alcohol metabolism
		6.5 Alcohol and oxidative stress
		References
	7 - Tobacco
		7.1 Tobacco toxicity: introduction
		7.2 Tobacco and cancer
		7.3 Tobacco smoke and disease rate synergism
			7.3.1 Lung cancer
			7.3.2 Noncarcinogenic synergism
		7.4 Tobacco and oxidative stress
		7.5 Electronic cigarettes
		References
	8 - Electromagnetic radiation
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The electromagnetic spectrum
		8.3 Ionizing radiation
		8.4 Ionizing radiation and chemical mixtures
		8.5 Ultraviolet radiation
		8.6 Ultraviolet radiation and toxic chemical mixtures
		8.7 Nonionizing radiation
			8.7.1 RF radiation and chemical mixtures
			8.7.2 ELF radiation and chemical mixtures
		8.8 Visible light radiation
		8.9 Radiation and oxidative stress
		References
	9 - Inflammation
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Acute inflammation
		9.3 Chronic inflammation
			9.3.1 Persistent infection
			9.3.2 Chronic non-infectious diseases
			9.3.3 Cancer
			9.3.4 Aging
			9.3.5 Non-healing wounds
			9.3.6 Chronic trauma
		9.4 Inflammation and oxidative stress
		References
	10 - Food
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Uptake from soil and plant surfaces
		10.3 Animal ingestion
		10.4 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
		10.5 Mercury in food
		10.6 Food preparation. Deliberate incorporation of additive chemicals into food
		10.7 Chemical impurities in food - allowable xenobiotics
		10.8 Allowable chemical impurities in food
		10.9 Artificial colors
		10.10 Flavor enhancers
		10.11 Esthetic and storage additives
		10.12 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food
		10.13 Chemicals in food packaging
		10.14 Irradiated food
		10.15 Chemical preservatives in food
		10.16 Food chemicals and oxidative stress
		10.17 Dietary choices and oxidative stress
			10.17.1 Carbohydrates
			10.17.2 Animal protein
			10.17.3 Nitrates, nitrites and nitrosamines
			10.17.4 Fats
			10.17.5 Salt
		References
	11 - Sleep deprivation
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Temperature extremes
		11.3 Sleep apnea
		11.4 Circadian cycle interruption
		11.5 Prevalent health conditions and lifestyle choices
		11.6 Sleep deprivation and oxidative stress
		References
	12 - Pharmaceuticals
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Pharmaceutical use
		12.3 Pharmaceutical adverse drug reactions
			12.3.1 ADR effects
		12.4 Excipients in pharmaceuticals
		12.5 Pharmaceuticals and oxidative stress
		References
	13 - Psychological stress
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 Glossary
		13.2 Chronic stress and disease
		13.3 Psychological stress and oxidative stress
		References
	14 - Genetics and epigenetics
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Genetics
		14.3 Epigenetics
		14.4 Chemical environmental and other factors in epigenetic effects
		14.5 Role of oxidative stress in genetic and epigenetic effects
		References
	15 - Aging
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Clinical conditions associated with aging
		15.3 Lowering age of disease onset
		15.4 Age-related disease and oxidative stress
			15.4.1 Cardiovascular disease
			15.4.2 Neurodegenerative disease
			15.4.3 Psychological stress
			15.4.4 Type 2 diabetes
			15.4.5 Immune system impact
			15.4.6 Cancer
		15.5 Hallmarks of aging
			15.5.1 Genomic instability
			15.5.2 Telomere attrition
			15.5.3 Epigenetic alterations
			15.5.4 Loss of proteostasis
			15.5.5 Deregulated nutrient sensing
			15.5.6 Mitochondrial dysfunction
			15.5.7 Cellular senescence
			15.5.8 Stem cell exhaustion
			15.5.9 Altered cellular communication (ACC)
		15.6 Summary
		References
	16 - Diseases and comorbidities
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Systems, organs, oxidative stress and disease
		16.3 Diseases associated with oxidative stress
		16.4 Multimorbidity
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	17 - Total oxidative stress and disease
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Diseases and oxidative stress
		17.3 Malondialdehyde as an indicator of oxidative stress
		17.4 Oxidative stress additivity - infectious disease
		17.5 Multimorbidity
		17.6 Disease prevention strategies
		17.7 Obesity
		17.8 Limits to oxidative stress-mediated disease prevention
		17.9 Disease onset prediction
		17.10 Conclusions
		References
	18 - Free radicals
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Free radical stability
		18.3 The Fenton reaction
		18.4 Free radical reactions with DNA
		18.5 Free radical reactions with proteins
		18.6 Free radical reactions with lipids
		18.7 Free radical signaling
		18.8 Diseases associated with free radicals
		18.9 Antioxidants
		18.10 Immune system and free radicals
			18.10.1 Exogenous immunocompromising agents
			18.10.2 Endogenous immune system free radicals
			18.10.3 Autoimmune disease
		18.11 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
		18.12 Summary
		References
II - Mechanisms of oxidative stress driven disease
	19 - Aging mechanism
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Hallmarks of aging
			19.2.1 Genomic instability
			19.2.2 Telomere shortening
			19.2.3 Epigenetic alterations
			19.2.4 Loss of proteostasis
			19.2.5 Deregulated nutrient sensing
			19.2.6 Mitochondrial dysfunction
			19.2.7 Cellular senescence
			19.2.8 Stem cell exhaustion
			19.2.9 Altered intercellular communication
		19.3 Summary
		References
	20 - Obesity
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Statistics
		20.3 Causes of obesity
		20.4 Biomarkers of obesity
		20.5 Comorbidities
		20.6 Obesity, adipose tissue and chemical toxicity
			20.6.1 Adipose tissue and persistent organic pollutants
			20.6.2 POPs release into the body
			20.6.3 Pops as obesogens
			20.6.4 Pops as lipotoxins
		20.7 Obesity and oxidative stress
			20.7.1 Mitochondrial
			20.7.2 Enzymes
			20.7.3 Other factors
		20.8 Psychological impact of obesity
		20.9 Summary
		References
	21 - Cancer
		21.1 Introduction
			21.1.1 Intristic risks
			21.1.2 Non-instristic risks
		21.2 Hallmarks of cancer—Hanahan and Weinberg
			21.2.1 Emerging hallmarks
			21.2.2 Enabling characteristics
		21.3 Other hallmarks
			21.3.1 Cancer-related inflammation
			21.3.2 Systemic hallmarks
				21.3.2.1 Primary tumor-metastasis network
				21.3.2.2 Global inflammation
				21.3.2.3 Immunity inhibition
				21.3.2.4 Metabolic changes to cachexia
				21.3.2.5 Propensisty to thrombosis
				21.3.2.6 Distal metastasis
			21.3.3 Additional cancer hallmarks
			21.3.4 Cancer hallmark regulation
		21.4 Cancer initiation promotion and progression
		21.5 Exogenous carcinogens
			21.5.1 Mixtures
			21.5.2 Total lipophilic load
			21.5.3 Sequential absorption
			21.5.4 Resonance stabilization
		21.6 Metals, metalloids and cancer
		21.7 Food and cancer
		21.8 Metastasis
		21.9 Mechanisms associated with specific cancers
			21.9.1 Lung cancer
				21.9.1.1 Causes of lung cancer
					21.9.1.1.1 Tobacco smoking
					21.9.1.1.2 Genetics
					21.9.1.1.3 Diet
					21.9.1.1.4 Obesity
					21.9.1.1.5 Infections
					21.9.1.1.6 Biomass, wood and coal smoke
					21.9.1.1.7 Outdoor air pollution
				21.9.1.2 Occupational chemical exposure
				21.9.1.3 Radon
			21.9.2 Breast cancer
			21.9.3 Prostate cancer
			21.9.4 Colorectal cancer
			21.9.5 Melanoma
				21.9.5.1 Vitamin A
				21.9.5.2 Vitamin C
				21.9.5.3 Vitamin D
				21.9.5.4 Vitamin E
				21.9.5.5 Vitamin K
			21.9.6 Leukemia
			21.9.7 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
			21.9.8 Kidney cancer
		21.10 Summary
		References
	22 - Atherosclerosis
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Hallmark of atherosclerosis
		22.3 Atherosclerosis risk factors
		22.4 Atherosclerosis progression
		22.5 Mechanism of onset
		22.6 Oxidative stress and Artherosclerosis
		References
	23 - Alzheimer's disease
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease
		23.3 Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
		23.4 Alzheimer’s disease co-morbidity data
		23.5 Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease onset
		References
	24 - Type 2 diabetes (T2D)
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
		24.3 Chemical exposure as a cause of type 2 diabetes
			24.3.1 Type 2 diabetes clusters
			24.3.2 Lipophilic chemicals shown to cause T2D
				24.3.2.1 POPs
				24.3.2.2 Plastic exudates
				24.3.2.3 Polluted air
				24.3.2.4 Tobacco smoke
				24.3.2.5 Pharmaceuticals
		24.4 Mechanisms of type 2 diabetes onset
		24.5 Effects of ROS
		24.6 Type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress
		24.7 Type 2 diabetes complications
		24.8 Diabetes outlook
			24.8.1 Aging
			24.8.2 Obesity rates
			24.8.3 Epigenetics
			24.8.4 Diabetes projection
		References
	25 - Rheumatoid arthritis
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Complications of rheumatoid arthritis
		25.3 Biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis
		25.4 Risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis
			25.4.1 Age
			25.4.2 Gender
			25.4.3 History of live births
			25.4.4 Genetics/familial history
			25.4.5 Race/ethnicity
			25.4.6 Obesity
			25.4.7 Smoking
			25.4.8 Dust inhalation
			25.4.9 Gut microbiotica and mucosal inflammation
			25.4.10 Peridontal disease
			25.4.11 Viral infections
			25.4.12 Diet
		25.5 Mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis onset
			25.5.1 Triggering
			25.5.2 Maturation
			25.5.3 Targeting
			25.5.4 Fulminant
		25.6 Oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis
		References
	26 - Asthma
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Phenotypes of asthma
		26.3 Biomarkers of asthma
		26.4 Risk factors for asthma
			26.4.1 Gender
			26.4.2 Ethnicity
			26.4.3 Family history
			26.4.4 Genetics
			26.4.5 Epigenetics
			26.4.6 Atopy and allergic sensitizations
			26.4.7 Tobacco smoke exposure
			26.4.8 Air pollution
			26.4.9 Obesity
			26.4.10 Diet
			26.4.11 Microbial respiratory infections
			26.4.12 Antibiotics
			26.4.13 Occupational exposure
		26.5 Cross sensitization
		26.6 Mechanisms of asthma and oxidative stress
			26.6.1 Endogenous oxidative stress
			26.6.2 Exogenous oxidative stress
		26.7 Summary
		References
	27 - Liver cirrhosis
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Liver fibroproliferative diseases
			27.2.1 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)
			27.2.2 Drugs
			27.2.3 Chemical solvents and pollutants
			27.2.4 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
			27.2.5 Hepatitis C
		27.3 Oxidative stress and liver disease
		References
	28 - Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Causes of chronic kidney disease
		28.3 Hallmarks of chronic kidney disease
		28.4 Risk factors for chronic kidney disease
		28.5 Mechanisms of chronic kidney disease and oxidative stress
			28.5.1 Excess ROS production
			28.5.2 Impaired antioxidant defense system
		References
	29 - Disease comorbidities
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 Comorbidity
		29.3 Oxidative stress, the common thread
		References
III - Disease onset prediction
	30 - Oxidative stress index
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 Oxidative Stress Index (OSI)
		30.3 OSI basis
		30.4 Oxidative Stress Index questionnaire
			30.4.1 Physical data
			30.4.2 Genetics
			30.4.3 Prevalent diseases and conditions
			30.4.4 Symptoms
			30.4.5 Diagnostic data
			30.4.6 Pharmaceuticals regularly taken
			30.4.7 Diet
			30.4.8 Lifestyle
			30.4.9 Tobacco and alcohol use
		30.5 OSI score and disease
		30.6 Additional applications
		References
	31 - OSI condensed questionnaire
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 Age
		31.3 Weight
		31.4 Preexisting chronic conditions
		31.5 Medications regularly taken
		31.6 Genetics
		31.7 Education level
		31.8 Place of residence
		31.9 Chronic psychological stress
		31.10 Condensed OSI form
		31.11 Condensed OSI applications
		31.12 Conclusions
		References
	32 - OSI and Alzheimer's disease
		32.1 Introduction
		32.2 Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress
		32.3 Alzheimer's disease and dose response relationship (DRR)
		32.4 Parameters known to increase likelihood of AD onset
		32.5 Late onset AD
		32.6 The OSI and AD
			32.6.1 Predicting AD onset
			32.6.2 Primary AD-causing parameters
			32.6.3 AD onset odds
		32.7 AD prevention
		32.8 Questionnaire use
		32.9 Strengths and limitations
		32.10 Conclusions
		References
	33 - OSI public health surveys
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Toxicity as a function of emission distance
		33.3 Disease impact as a function of exposure time
			33.3.1 PCB exposure in schools
			33.3.2 Fly ash toxicity
		33.4 Summary
		References
	34 - Predicting COVID-19 severity
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 Oxidative stress and COVID-19 severity
		34.3 Oxidative stress index and COVID-19 severity
		34.4 Validation of OSI use in predicting COVID-19 severity
			34.4.1 Clinical risk score calculation (CRSC)
			34.4.2 Comparison of the OSI and the CRSC
		34.5 Covid-19 as a cause of oxidative stress
		34.6 Summary
		References
IV - Prevention
	35 - Disease prevention: oxidative stress control, antioxidants, and social factors
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 Oxidative stress overproduction control
		35.3 Antioxidants
			35.3.1 Antioxidant function
			35.3.2 Antioxidant categories
		35.4 Antioxidants and disease prevention
		35.5 Diet
		35.6 Treating prevalent illness
		35.7 Psychological stress
			35.7.1 Alternative stress therapies
				35.7.1.1 Sweat lodge participation
				35.7.1.2 Environmental chamber use
				35.7.1.3 Chinese herbal medicine
				35.7.1.4 Accupuncture
				35.7.1.5 Yoga
				35.7.1.6 Meditation
				35.7.1.7 Aromatherapy
				35.7.1.8 Hypnosis
				35.7.1.9 Pets
		35.8 Exercise
		35.9 Treating illness
		35.10 Inequalities
		35.11 Summary
		References
	36 - Global warming, oxidative stress and disease
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Global warming, oxidative stress
			36.2.1 Population
			36.2.2 Migration
			36.2.3 Energy use
			36.2.4 Urbanization
			36.2.5 Industrialization and air pollution
			36.2.6 Atmospheric and oceanic energy
				36.2.6.1 Extreme weather
			36.2.7 Air pollution
			36.2.8 Water pollution
			36.2.9 Increased pesticide use
				36.2.9.1 Increased numbers of insects, crop diseases and weeds
				36.2.9.2 Increased evaporation of applied pesticides
				36.2.9.3 Increased runoff after application
				36.2.9.4 Increased loss due to wind
				36.2.9.5 Decreased effectiveness
			36.2.10 Disease increase
				36.2.10.1 Increased pollen counts
				36.2.10.2 Spread of infectious diseases
				36.2.10.3 Antibiotic resistance
				36.2.10.4 Mold growth
			36.2.11 Contaminated food
			36.2.12 Food quality decline
			36.2.13 Absorption of toxins
			36.2.14 Increased stress
			36.2.15 Species extinction
				36.2.15.1 Animal extinction
				36.2.15.2 Insect extinction
				36.2.15.3 Parasite extinction
				36.2.15.4 Fish migration
				36.2.15.5 Coral reef destruction
				36.2.15.6 Tree population loss
		36.3 Stress
		36.4 Human extinction?
			36.4.1 Lower life expectancy
			36.4.2 Loss of life due to extreme weather
			36.4.3 Decline in fertility
		References
Index
	A
	B
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	I
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	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
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	T
	U
	V
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	Y
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