Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Series Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATIVE (EU)STRESS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
	Introduction
	Oxygen and Its Derivatives
	Superoxide Anion
	Hydrogen Peroxide
	Hydroxyl Radical
	Reactive Nitrogen Species
	Brief Overview of Indirect and Direct Biomarkers of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
	Brief Overview of ROS as Eustress Regulators of Skeletal Muscle
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
2 MEASURING OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND REDOX SIGNALLING: PRINCIPLES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
	The Importance of Measuring Oxidative Eustress
	Blink and You’ll Miss It: The Challenge of Directly Measuring Reactive Species
	Novel Approaches to Measure Oxidative Damage
	Redox Signalling: The Promise of Novel Immunological Assays
	Systemic Redox Analysis: Moving beyond Measuring Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Towards PRDX Isoform Dimers
	Concluding Recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 EXERCISE REDOX SIGNALLING: FROM ROS SOURCES TO WIDESPREAD HEALTH ADAPTATION
	Introduction
		Exercise Creates an ROS-Rich Environment
		Main Sources of ROS in Contracting Muscle
		ROS-Generating System and Antioxidant Capacity in the Conventional Muscle-Type Classification
	Redox-Mediated Signalling Mainly Occurs via Targeted Modifications of Specific Residues in Proteins
		ROS and Contractile Function
	Exercise-Generated ROS Is Crucial to Muscle Glucose Uptake
	Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training Rely on ROS-Mediated Signalling Pathways
		Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Antioxidant Defence
		Hypertrophy
	Exercise Creates ROS-Rich Environments by Inducing Both Local and Systemic ROS Waves
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Conflicts of Interest
	References
4 OXYGEN TRANSPORT: A REDOX O[sub(2)]DYSSEY
	Introduction
	A Quantitative Snapshot of Oxygen Transport
	Lungs
	Erythrocytes
		Oxygen
		Redox Network
		Energetics
		A Computational Model
	Microcirculation
		Structure
		Regulation
	Muscle
	Mitochondria
		Oxygen Flow and Consumption
		Oxygen Consumption in Cellular (Redox) Processes Beyond Mitochondrial Respiration
	Conclusion
	References
5 MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX REGULATION IN ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE
	Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism
	Mitochondrial Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
		Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ROS Production at Rest
		Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ROS Production During Exercise
	ROS-Mediated Adaptation to Exercise Training
	Is There Evidence of Mitochondrial-Derived ROS Act as Exercise Signals?
		mtDNA Damage
		Peroxiredoxins
		Mitochondrial Derived Peptides
	Is There Evidence That Mitochondrial-Derived ROS Contribute to Exercise Training-Induced Adaptation?
	Concluding Remarks
	References
6 BASAL REDOX STATUS INFLUENCES THE ADAPTIVE REDOX RESPONSE TO REGULAR EXERCISE
	Introduction
	Sites of ROS Generation and Chronic Oxidative Distress
	Mechanisms of Adaptive Responses to Exercise: Nrf2
	Nrf2 Response to Exercise Training
	Role of Basal Redox Status in the Adaptive Response to Exercise
	A Paradigm Shift in the Relationship between Antioxidant Enzymes and Redox Signaling
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
7 TIME TO ‘COUPLE’ REDOX BIOLOGY WITH EXERCISE IMMUNOLOGY
	Introduction
	Redox Reactions and Immunity
	Global Oxidation in Immune Cells after Single Bouts of Exercise
	Evaluating Immune Cell Thiol Redox State after Exercise
	Single Cell Approaches
	Future Perspectives
		Appreciation for Oxidative Eustress
		Immunometabolism
		Extracellular Environment
	Conclusion
	References
8 EXERCISE AND RNA OXIDATION
	Introduction
	Epitranscriptomic Changes
	RNA Oxidation in an In Vivo Setting
	Acute Exercise and RNA Oxidation
	Regular Exercise and RNA Oxidation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
9 EXERCISE AND DNA DAMAGE: CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME
	Introduction
	Sources of Exercise-Induced RONS
	Exercise and DNA Damage
	nDNA Damage
	mtDNA Damage
	Contributing Variables
	Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
10 NUTRITIONAL ANTIOXIDANTS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE
	Introduction
	Heterogeneity of Antioxidant Supplements
	Methodologies Used
	Context
	Conclusion
	References
11 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTS AND EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS
	Introduction
	Antioxidant Defenses
	Mitochondrial Biogenesis
	Muscle Hypertrophy/Strength
	Substrate Metabolism
	Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function
	Performance
		Endurance Performance
		Muscle Recovery
		VO[sub(2)] max
		Personalized Supplementation
	Conclusion
	References
12 NITRIC OXIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN HUMANS: INFLUENCE OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
	Introduction
	Emergence of the Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway
	Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Continuous Endurance Exercise Performance
	Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on High-Intensity Exercise Performance
	Mechanisms for the Ergogenic Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation
	Conclusion
	References
13 (POLY)PHENOLS IN EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY: MORE THAN AN ANTIOXIDANT?
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Action
	(Poly)phenols and Exercise Performance
	(Poly)phenols and Exercise Recovery
	Practical Application and Summary
	References
14 EXERCISE: A STRATEGY TO TARGET OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CANCER
	Introduction
	The Benefits of Physical Activity in Cancer Survival
	Oxidative Stress as a Key Mechanism?
		Oxidative Stress and Cancer
		Exercise Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Patients
		Exercise, Tumor Growth, and Oxidative Stress: Possible Impact on Treatments?
		Physical Activity, Oxidative Stress and Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting
	Limitations
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	Funding
	References
15 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EXERCISE TOLERANCE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
	Cystic Fibrosis Overview
		Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in CF
	Prognostic Values of Exercise Testing CF
	Benefits of Exercise In CF
	Mechanistic Insight into Exercise Intolerance In CF
		Pulmonary Function
		Cardiovascular Function
		Skeletal Muscle Function
	Conclusions
	References
16 AGEING, NEURODEGENERATION AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: THE UNDERLYING ROLE OF OXIDATIVE DISTRESS
	Oxidative Distress in the Ageing Brain
	Oxidative Distress in Neurodegeneration: Insights from Alzheimer’s Disease
		Evidence of Oxidative Distress in Alzheimer’s Disease
		Energy Balance, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Distress in Alzheimer’s Disease
	Therapeutic Intervention for Alzheimer’s Disease from a Redox Biology Perspective
		Dietary Intervention for Alzheimer’s Disease
		Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease
	Conclusion
	References
17 EXERCISE, METABOLISM AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE
	Introduction
	Metabolic Control of Epigenetic Mechanisms
		Metabolism
		One-Carbon Metabolism and DNA/Histone Methylation
		Histone Acetylation
		TCA Metabolite-Dependent Regulation of DNA Methylation and Histone Modification
	The Interplay between Exercise Stress and Epigenetics
		TCA Cycle Intermediates
		Lactate
		Oxidative Stress and ROS
		ROS and DNA Damage/Repair
		Modulation of Antioxidant Effectors
	Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Index