Overcoming Environmental Risks to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals: Lessons from the Japanese Experience

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Purpose of This e-Book
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Part 1. Pollution-Related Diseases in Japan
	1.3 Part 2. Environmental Risks of the Present
	1.4 Part 3. Toward a Sustainable Society
Part I: Learning from Case Analysis of Past Environmental Risks
	Chapter 2: Minamata Disease
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Health Effects of High-Level Methylmercury Exposure
		2.3 Company’s Responses
		2.4 Government Response to Minamata Disease
		2.5 Issues Related to Officially Certified Patients of Minamata Disease
		2.6 Health Effects of Low-Level Methylmercury Exposure
		2.7 Mercury Pollution in the World
		2.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Itai-Itai Disease: Health Issues Caused by Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Residents’ Fight to Rebuild the Environment in the Jinzu River Basin in Toyama
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Environmental Pollution Due to Cadmium and Its Damages
			3.2.1 Development of the Kamioka Mine and History of the Damage
			3.2.2 Health Impact on the Residents of the Jinzu River Basin: History of itai-itai Disease
		3.3 Recent Trends Regarding the Itai-Itai Disease
		3.4 Fifty Years of Residents’ Fight to Reclaim the Environment and Its Results
			3.4.1 Field Survey of Kamioka Mine Based on the Pollution Prevention Agreement
			3.4.2 Result of Measures Against the Sources at Kamioka Mine
			3.4.3 Improvements to the Quality of Water and Sediment in the Jinzu River Basin
		3.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Arsenic Intoxication in Toroku District of Japan
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Arsenic Pollution Worldwide
		4.3 Arsenic Pollution in Japan
		4.4 Arsenic Pollution in the Toroku Mine [26–28]
		4.5 Review Related to the Toroku Mine
		4.6 Current Environment Around the Toroku Mine
		References
	Chapter 5: Yokkaichi Asthma: Health Effects of Air Pollutants in Japan
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Toxicological Evidence on the Health Effects of SO2
		5.3 History of Yokkaichi Asthma
		5.4 Current Studies Related to Yokkaichi Asthma
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: “YOKKAICHI Studies” Learned from the YOKKAICHI Air Pollution for Environmental Policy and International Environmental Cooperation in Asia
		6.1 “YOKKAICHI Studies” Learned from the YOKKAICHI Air Pollution
		6.2 Litigation Judgement of YOKKAICHI Air Pollution and Environmental Policies by Mie Prefecture and YOKKAICHI City
		6.3 Glocalization of Human Resource Development and Creating Sustainable City through Collaboration of ESD and SDGs
		6.4 International Environmental Cooperation in Asia
		References
	Chapter 7: What we Have Learned from the Pollution that Occurred in Japan a Half Century Ago
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Occurrence of the Pollution
		7.3 Response to the Damage
		7.4 End of Severe Contamination
		7.5 Citizens’ Initiatives for Environmental Issues
		7.6 Current and Future Challenges of Health Effects from the Environment
		References
Parts II: Environmental Issues That the World Is Watching Now
	Chapter 8: Current Status and Problems Concerning the Management of Persistent Organic Chemicals Used in Products and those of Unintentional Products in Japan
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Progress in International Chemical Management
		8.3 International Move in Persistent Organic Pollutants Management
		8.4 POPs Regulation in Japan before and after Stockholm Convention
			8.4.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Waste
			8.4.2 Organochlorine Pesticides
			8.4.3 Industrial Chemicals
			8.4.4 Unintentional Products
		8.5 Achievements in Dioxins and PCBs Management
		8.6 Challenges in Chemical Management in Japan
		References
	Chapter 9: Health Risk Assessment and Management of Asbestos Exposure to the Public in Japan
		9.1 Asbestos Disasters in Japan
		9.2 Asbestos Leakage at a Subway Station
		9.3 Asbestos Exposure in Areas with Serpentinite
		9.4 Health Risk Management and Sustainable Development
		References
	Chapter 10: Marine Plastic Pollution: Chemical Aspects and Possible Solutions
		10.1 Microplastics: Here, There, and Everywhere
		10.2 Anthropocene: Ubiquitous Occurrence of Microplastics
		10.3 Plastic Ingestion: Threat to Biodiversity and Food Security
		10.4 Warning Bell: Chemical Threat from Marine Plastics and Microplastics
		10.5 Reduction of Plastic Consumption: Key Solution to Human and Marine Plastic Pollution
		References
	Chapter 11: Solution and Agreement in the Nuclear Disaster: Toward an Inclusive Society Respecting Relationship from Sacrificial System
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Course of Nuclear Disaster
			11.2.1 Summary of the Overall Course
			11.2.2 Progress in the Yamakiya District
			11.2.3 Scientists’ Behavior
			11.2.4 Consent to the Exposure
			11.2.5 Restoration of Mountain Villages
				11.2.5.1 Maps for Radiation Protection
				11.2.5.2 Forest Radioactivity Countermeasures
				11.2.5.3 To Accelerate the Recovery of the Environment through Consultation and Daily Life
				11.2.5.4 Measures for Domestic and Overseas Markets
				11.2.5.5 Yamakiya’s Future
		11.3 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 12: Current Environmental Risks and their Management in Japan
		12.1 Proper Management of Toxic Chemical Substances and Problems
		12.2 Health Risk Assessment and Management of Asbestos Exposure to Citizens
		12.3 Solving the Marine Plastic Problem
		12.4 Risk Communication Learned from Nuclear Disaster
Parts III: Towards the Realization of a Sustainable and Well-Being Society
	Chapter 13: The Future of Washing
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Considering the Life Cycle of Washing
		13.3 Considering the Future of Washing
			13.3.1 Evaluation of the Environmental and Societal Impacts of Washing
			13.3.2 Defining Sustainable Washing
			13.3.3 Sophistication of Washing Technology
			13.3.4 Changing Consumer Awareness and Behavior
			13.3.5 Encouraging Cutting-Edge Technology
			13.3.6 Understanding Diverse Washing Technologies and Culture
		References
	Chapter 14: Initiatives on Responsible Consumption: Oguni Town
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 From Environmental Model City to SDGs Future City
		14.3 Responsibility to Use
		14.4 On Behalf of the Knot
	Chapter 15: Lessons of Court Decisions on Minamata Disease and Future Actions
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Brief History of Minamata Disease Cases
		15.3 Two Decisions Regarding the Compensation in the Minamata Disease Cases
		15.4 Lesson from the Two Judgments
		References
	Chapter 16: An Initiative of an Environmental Model City: Featuring Sustainable and Healthy Cities
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Creation of an “Environmental Model City” Based on the Lessons Learned from Minamata Disease
		16.3 A Collective Vision of the Future and the Community’s Continuous Effort
		16.4 Shared Values Among the Community and Passing These onto the Next Generation
		16.5 Conclusion: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		References
	Chapter 17: Divorcing from Plastics for a Sustainable Future Society
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Applications and Production of Plastics in Japan
		17.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plastics
		17.4 Marine Pollution by Plastics
		17.5 Environmental Pollution by Microplastics
		17.6 Health Hazards of Hazardous Chemicals Included in Plastics
			17.6.1 Effect of Styrene Trimmer on Thyroid Hormones
			17.6.2 Effect of Plasticizer Diethylhexyl Phthalate on the Next Generation
		17.7 SDGs: An Invitation to a Future Society
		17.8 Taking Action for Plastic Reduction
		17.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Issues of Environmental Risks in the Anthropocene
		18.1 Two Major Changes during the Last Seven Decades
		18.2 Recognizing the Size of our Finite World
			18.2.1 Planetary Boundaries
			18.2.2 Risks of Chemicals in the Context of the Planetary Boundaries: Local-Global Connection
			18.2.3 Planetary Boundaries May Not Be Sufficient for Human Health and Well-being
		18.3 Too Many Chemicals, Too Many Interactions
			18.3.1 Combined Exposure among Chemicals and with Non-chemical Factors: (Including Exposome Approach)
			18.3.2 Systematic/Mechanistic Understanding of Adverse Outcomes
		18.4 Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 19: Spectrum of Environmental Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Status of Health Conditions in Japan
		19.3 Previous Pollution Issues in Japan
		19.4 Individual Issues in Japan
			19.4.1 Issues Regarding Chemical Pollutants in Japan
			19.4.2 Importance of Early Exposure Assessment and Management
			19.4.3 Asbestos
			19.4.4 Indoor Health Risks
			19.4.5 Multiple Environmental Risks
		19.5 Risk Assessment and Precautionary Approach
		19.6 Precautionary Principle
			19.6.1 Precautionary Principle Approach
			19.6.2 Reasonably Achievable Principle
			19.6.3 Environmental Responsibility
			19.6.4 Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, and the Use of Various Assessments
		19.7 Importance of Risk Communication
		19.8 Conclusion
		References