Ovarian Toxicology

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
FOREWORD......Page 13
Molecular biology......Page 14
Morphology......Page 15
ANATOMY......Page 16
Receptors and signal transduction......Page 18
Steroids......Page 19
Proteins......Page 21
Follicular growth......Page 23
Recruitment......Page 24
Atresia......Page 25
Ovulation......Page 26
Luteolysis......Page 27
Maternal recognition of pregnancy......Page 28
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED TEXTS......Page 29
FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT......Page 30
Fetal development......Page 31
Secondary and antral follicles......Page 32
Follicle-specific effects......Page 33
Ionizing radiation......Page 35
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS......Page 36
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons......Page 37
4-Vinylcyclohexene (VCH)......Page 38
2-Bromopropane......Page 39
Other ovotoxic agents......Page 40
Cell death......Page 41
Sites of cellular damage......Page 43
Effects on gene expression and cell signaling......Page 44
Cigarette smoking......Page 45
Mode of exposure......Page 46
LITERATURE CITED......Page 47
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
NORMAL OVARIAN FUNCTION......Page 55
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES......Page 58
HERBICIDES......Page 62
FUNGICIDES......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 68
Classification of EDs relevant to ovarian toxicology categorized by their direct and/or indirect effects......Page 75
MODELS OF ED......Page 77
Ah receptor agonists as multiple organ EDs......Page 78
Atrazine, a neuroendocrine-ovarian axis disruptor......Page 84
2-Bromopropane (2BP), an ovarian axis ED......Page 86
SUMMARY......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
OVARY AS A TARGET......Page 100
ROLE OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARs)......Page 102
EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION......Page 104
SUMMARY......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
BACKGROUND: ATRAZINE LEADS TO PREMATURE MAMMARY TUMORS IN THE FEMALE RAT......Page 109
MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS AND ALTERED OVARIAN CYCLES IN THE AGING RAT......Page 111
EFFECT OF ATRAZINE ON REPRODUCTIVE AGING......Page 113
BRAIN AS THE SITE OF ACTION OF ATRAZINE’S EFFECT ON OVARIAN FUNCTION......Page 114
Pregnancy initiation and pregnancy maintenance......Page 116
Atrazine and suckling-induced prolactin release......Page 121
Pubertal development......Page 122
Summary......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
Biotransformation overview......Page 129
EXTRAHEPATIC METABOLISM......Page 130
BIOTRANSFORMATION ENZYMES IN THE OVARY......Page 131
EXPRESSION OF PHASE I ENZYMES IN THE RAT OVARY......Page 132
An example of ovarian metabolism in the rat ovary......Page 133
EXPRESSION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES IN THE MOUSE OVARY......Page 137
Effects on biotransformation enzymes in the mouse ovary......Page 138
OVARIAN EXPRESSION OF BIOTRANSFORMATION ENZYMES IN OTHER SPECIES......Page 140
EXPRESSION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES IN THE HUMAN OVARY......Page 141
MECHANISMS OF OVARIAN METABOLISM IN CHEMICALLY INDUCED OVOTOXICITY......Page 142
CONCLUSION......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
OVERVIEW OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION......Page 148
MATERNAL-FETAL TRANSFER......Page 150
Estrogenic compounds......Page 151
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)......Page 152
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs)......Page 153
Additional halogenated compounds......Page 155
Other compounds......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
INVOLVEMENT OF APOPTOSIS IN CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 163
APOPTOSIS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 164
THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHEMORESISTANCE......Page 165
FAS/FASL SYSTEM AND CHEMORESISTANCE......Page 167
Direct inhibition of caspases......Page 168
Role of XIAP in the modulation of p53 and MDM2......Page 170
XIAP and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) processing......Page 171
NUCLEAR FACTOR-κB-MEDIATED FLIP EXPRESSION AND RESISTANCE TO TNFα......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 177
INTRODUCTION......Page 188
WHAT IS OVARIAN CANCER?......Page 189
IS OVARIAN CANCER CURABLE?......Page 190
Reproductive history......Page 191
Family history......Page 194
Ethnicity and ancestry......Page 195
OVARIAN CANCER AND EXOGENOUS HORMONES......Page 198
OVARIAN CANCER AND EXPOSURE TO XENOBIOTIC AGENTS......Page 200
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO OVARIAN CANCER RISK......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 212
SYNTHESIS OF THE SEX STEROID HORMONES......Page 219
In vivo exposures/in vivo sampling......Page 221
Microdialysis......Page 223
Whole organ perfusion/perifusion......Page 225
Follicular/luteal incubations......Page 228
Isolated cells......Page 229
ASSESSMENTS OF VIABILITY......Page 231
SCREENING FOR TOXICANT-INDUCED EFFECTS ON STEROIDOGENESIS......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 234
INDEX......Page 240