Out of many : a history of the American people

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
communities in Conflict
Seeing History
Maps
Figures & Tables
Preface
Special Features
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Community & Diversity
Chapter 1 A Continent of Villages to 1500
	American Communities: Cahokia: Thirteenth-Century Life on the Mississippi
	1.1 The First American Settlers
		1.1.1 Who Are the Indian People?
		1.1.2 Migration from Asia
		1.1.3 The Clovis Culture: The First Environmental Adaptation
		1.1.4 New Ways of Living on the Land
		Communities in Conflict: The Origins of Foodways
	1.2 The Development of Farming
		1.2.1 Origins in Mexico
		1.2.2 Increasing Social Complexity
		1.2.3 The Resisted Revolution
	1.3 Farming in Early North America
		1.3.1 Farmers of the Southwest
		1.3.2 The Anasazis
		1.3.3 Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands
		1.3.4 Mississippian Society
		1.3.5 The Politics of Warfare and Violence
	1.4 Cultural Regions of North America on the Eve of Colonization
		1.4.1 The Population of Indian America
		Seeing History: An early european image of Native Americans
		1.4.2 The Southwest
		1.4.3 The South
		1.4.4 The Northeast
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide 1492–1590
	American Communities: The english at roanoke
	2.1 The Expansion of Europe
		2.1.1 Western Europe before Columbus
		2.1.2 The Merchant Class and the Renaissance
		2.1.3 The New Monarchies
		2.1.4 The Portuguese Voyages
		2.1.5 Columbus Reaches the Americas
	2.2 The Spanish in the Americas
		2.2.1 The Invasion of America
		2.2.2 The Destruction of the Indies
		2.2.3 The Virgin Soil Epidemics
		2.2.4 The Columbian Exchange
		Communities in Conflict: The Debate over the Justice of the Conquest
		2.2.5 The Spanish in North America
		2.2.6 The Spanish New World Empire
	2.3 Northern Explorations and Encounters
		2.3.1 Trade, Not Conquest: Fish and Furs
		2.3.2 The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies
		2.3.3 Social Change in Sixteenth-Century England
		2.3.4 Early English Efforts in the Americas
	Seeing History: A Watercolor from the First Algonquian–english encounter
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 3 Planting Colonies in North America 1588–1701
	American Communities: Communities and Diversity in Seventeenth-Century Santa Fé
	3.1 The Spanish, the Fr ench, and the Dutch in North America
		3.1.1 New Mexico
		3.1.2 New France
		Seeing History
		3.1.3 New Netherland
	3.2 The Chesapeake: Virginia and Maryland
		3.2.1 Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy
		3.2.2 Tobacco, Expansion, and Warfare
		3.2.3 Maryland
		3.2.4 Community Life in the Chesapeake
	3.3 The New England Colonies
		3.3.1 Puritanism
		3.3.2 Plymouth Colony
		3.3.3 The Massachusetts Bay Colony
		3.3.4 Dissent and New Communities
		Communities in Conflict: The Maypole at Merrymount
		3.3.5 Indians and Puritans
		3.3.6 The Economy: New England Merchants
		3.3.7 Community and Family in New England
		3.3.8 The Position of Women
		3.3.9 The Salem Witch Trials
	3.4 The Proprietary Colonies
		3.4.1 The Carolinas
		3.4.2 New York and New Jersey
		3.4.3 The Founding of Pennsylvania
	3.5 Conflict and War
		3.5.1 King Philip’s War
		3.5.2 Bacon’s Rebellion and Southern Conflicts
		3.5.3 The Glorious Revolution in America
		3.5.4 King William’s War
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 4 Slavery and Empire 1441–1770
	American Communities: Rebellion in Stono, South Carolina
	4.1 The Beginnings of African Slavery
		4.1.1 Sugar and Slavery
		4.1.2 West Africans
	4.2 The African Slave Trade
		4.2.1 A Global Enterprise
		4.2.2 The Shock of Enslavement
		4.2.3 The Middle Passage
		Communities in Conflict: Two Views of the Middle Passage
		4.2.4 Political and Economic Effects on Africa
	4.3 The Development of North American Slave Societies
		4.3.1 Slavery Comes to North America
		4.3.2 The Tobacco Colonies
		4.3.3 The Lower South
		4.3.4 Slavery in the Spanish Colonies
		4.3.5 Slavery in French Louisiana
		4.3.6 Slavery in the North
	4.4 African to African American
		4.4.1 The Daily Life of Slaves
		4.4.2 Families and Communities
		4.4.3 African American Culture
		4.4.4 The Africanization of the South
		Seeing History: A Musical Celebration in the Slave Quarters
		4.4.5 Violence and Resistance
	4.5 Slavery and The Economics of Empire
		4.5.1 Slavery: Foundation of the British Economy
		4.5.2 The Politics of Mercantilism
		4.5.3 British Colonial Regulation
		4.5.4 Wars for Empire
		4.5.5 The Colonial Economy
	4.6 Slavery, Prosperity, and Freedom
		4.6.1 The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies
		4.6.2 White Skin Privilege
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 5 The Cultures of Colonial North America 1700–1780
	American Communities: The Revival of Religion and Community in Northampton
	5.1 North American Regions
		5.1.1 Indian America
		5.1.2 The Spanish Borderlands
		5.1.3 The French Crescent
		5.1.4 New England
		5.1.5 The Middle Colonies
		5.1.6 The Backcountry
		Seeing History: A Plan of an American new Cleared Farm
		5.1.7 The South
	5.2 Social and Political Patterns
		5.2.1 The Persistence of Traditional Culture in the New World
		5.2.2 The Frontier Heritage
		5.2.3 Population Growth and Immigration
		5.2.4 Social Class
		5.2.5 Economic Growth and Economic Inequality
		5.2.6 Colonial Politics
	5.3 The Cultural Transformation of British North America
		5.3.1 The Enlightenment Challenge
		5.3.2 A Decline in Religious Devotion
		5.3.3 The Great Awakening
		Communities in Conflict: The inoculation Controversy in Boston, 1721
		5.3.4 The Politics of Revivalism
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 6 From Empire to Independence 1750–1776
	American Communities: The First Continental Congress Begins to Shape a national Political Community
	6.1 The Seven Years’ War in America
		6.1.1 The Albany Conference of 1754
		6.1.2 France versus Britain in America
		6.1.3 Frontier Warfare
		6.1.4 The Conquest of Canada
		6.1.5 The Struggle for the West
	6.2 The Emergence of American Nationalism
		6.2.1 An American Identity
		6.2.2 The Press, Politics, and Republicanism
		6.2.3 The Sugar and Stamp Acts
		6.2.4 The Stamp Act Crisis
	6.3 “Save Your Money and Save Your Country”
		6.3.1 The Townshend Revenue Acts
		6.3.2 An Early Political Boycott
		6.3.3 The Massachusetts Circular Letter
		6.3.4 The Boston Massacre
	6.4 From Resistance to Rebellion
		6.4.1 Committees of Correspondence
		6.4.2 The Boston Tea Party
		Seeing History: The Bostonians Paying the excise-Man, or Tarring and Feathering
		6.4.3 The Intolerable Acts
		6.4.4 The First Continental Congress
		6.4.5 Lexington and Concord
	6.5 Deciding for Independence
		6.5.1 The Second Continental Congress
		6.5.2 Canada and the Spanish Borderlands
		6.5.3 Fighting in the North and South
		6.5.4 No Turning Back
		6.5.5 The Declaration of Independence
	Communities in Conflict: The Debate over independence
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 7 The American Revolution 1776–1786
	American Communities: A National Community evolves at Valley Forge
	7.1 The War for Independence
		7.1.1 The Patriot Forces
		7.1.2 The Toll of War
		7.1.3 The Loyalists
		7.1.4 Women and the War
		7.1.5 The Campaign for New York and New Jersey
		7.1.6 The Northern Campaigns of 1777
		7.1.7 A Global Conflict
		7.1.8 Indian Peoples and the Revolution in the West
		7.1.9 The War in the South
		7.1.10 The Yorktown Surrender
	Seeing History: The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
	7.2 The United States in Congress Assembled
		7.2.1 The Articles of Confederation
		7.2.2 Financing the War
		7.2.3 Negotiating Independence
		7.2.4 The Crisis of Demobilization
		7.2.5 The Problem of the West
	Communities in Conflict: Washington and the newburgh Conspiracy
	7.3 Revolutionary Politics in the States
		7.3.1 A New Democratic Ideology
		7.3.2 The First State Constitutions
		7.3.3 Declarations of Rights
		7.3.4 The Spirit of Reform
		7.3.5 African Americans and the Revolution
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 8 The New Nation 1786–1800
	American Communities: A rural Massachusetts Community rises in Defense of Liberty
	8.1 The Crisis of the 1780s
		8.1.1 The Economic Crisis
		8.1.2 State Remedies
		8.1.3 Toward a New National Government
	8.2 The New Constitution
		8.2.1 The Constitutional Convention
		8.2.2 Ratifying the New Constitution
		8.2.3 The Bill of Rights
	Communities in Conflict: The Controversy over ratification
	8.3 The First Federal Administration
		8.3.1 The Washington Presidency
		8.3.2 The Federal Judiciary
		8.3.3 Hamilton’s Fiscal Program
		8.3.4 American Foreign Policy
		8.3.5 The United States and the Indian Peoples
		8.3.6 Spanish Florida and British Canada
		Seeing History: The Columbian Tragedy
		8.3.7 The Crises of 1794
		8.3.8 Settling Disputes with Britain and Spain
		8.3.9 Washington’s Farewell Address
	8.4 Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
		8.4.1 The Rise of Political Parties
		8.4.2 The Adams Presidency
		8.4.3 The Alien and Sedition Acts
		8.4.4 The Revolution of 1800
		8.4.5 Democratic Political Culture
	8.5 “The Rising Glory of America”
		8.5.1 The Liberty of the Press
		8.5.2 Books, Books, Books
		8.5.3 Women on the Intellectual Scene
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 9 An Empire for Liberty 1790–1824
	American Communities: Expansion Touches Mandan Villages on the upper Missouri
	9.1 North American Communities from Coast to Coast
		9.1.1 The New Nation
		9.1.2 To the North: British North America and Russian America
		9.1.3 T o the West and South: The Spanish Empire, Haiti, and the Caribbean
		9.1.4 Trans-Appalachia
	9.2 A National Economy
		9.2.1 Cotton and the Economy of the Young Republic
		9.2.2 Neutral Shipping in a World at War
	9.3 The Jefferson Presidency
		9.3.1 Republican Agrarianism
		9.3.2 Jefferson’s Government
		9.3.3 An Independent Judiciary
		9.3.4 Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase
		9.3.5 Incorporating Louisiana
		9.3.6 T exas and the Struggle for Mexican Independence
	9.4 Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America
		9.4.1 Problems with Neutral Rights
		9.4.2 The Embargo Act
		9.4.3 Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable Coercion”
		9.4.4 A Contradictory Indian Policy
	Communities in Conflict: Christianizing the indian
	9.5 Indian Alternatives and the War of 1812
		9.5.1 The Pan-Indian Military Resistance Movement
		9.5.2 The War of 1812
	Seeing History: “A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the ‘Humane’ British and their ‘Worthy’ Allies”
	9.6 Defining the Boundaries
		9.6.1 Another Westward Surge
		9.6.2 The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good Feelings
		9.6.3 The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams
		9.6.4 The Panic of 1819
		9.6.5 The Missouri Compromise
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 10 The South and Slavery 1790s–1850s
	American Communities: Cotton Communities in the old Southwest
	10.1 King Cotton and Southern Expansion
		10.1.1 Cotton and Expansion into the Old Southwest
		10.1.2 Slavery the Mainspring—Again
		10.1.3 A Slave Society in a Changing World
		10.1.4 The Second Middle Passage: The Internal Slave Trade
	10.2 The African American Community
		10.2.1 The Mature American Slave System
		10.2.2 The Growth of the Slave Community
		10.2.3 From Cradle to Grave
		10.2.4 Field Work and the Gang Labor System
		10.2.5 House Servants and Skilled Workers
		10.2.6 Slave Families
	10.3 Freedom and Resistance
		10.3.1 African American Religion
		10.3.2 Other Kinds of Resistance
		10.3.3 Slave Revolts
		10.3.4 Free African Americans
	10.4 The White Majority
		10.4.1 Poor White People
		10.4.2 Southern “Plain Folk”
		10.4.3 The Middling Ranks
	10.5 Planters
		10.5.1 Small Slave Owners
		10.5.2 The Planter Elite
		10.5.3 Creating a Plantation Ideology
		10.5.4 Coercion and Violence
	Seeing History: “Gordon under Medical inspection”
	10.6 The Defense of Slavery
		10.6.1 Developing Pro-Slavery Arguments
		10.6.2 After Nat Turner
		10.6.3 Changes in the South
	Communities in Conflict: Who Benefits from Slavery?
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 11 The Growth of Democracy 1824–1840
	American Communities: A Political Community Abandons Deference for Democracy
	11.1 The New Democratic Politics in North America
		11.1.1 Str uggles over Popular Rights: Mexico, the Caribbean, Canada
		11.1.2 The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage
		11.1.3 The Election of 1824
		11.1.4 The New Popular Democratic Culture
		11.1.5 The Election of 1828
	11.2 The Jackson Presidency
		11.2.1 A Popular President
		11.2.2 A Strong Executive
		11.2.3 The Nation’s Leader versus Sectional Spokesmen
	Seeing History: President’s Levee, or all Creation Going to the White House
	11.3 Changing the Course of Government
		11.3.1 Indian Removal
		Communities in Conflict: indian removal, Pro and Con
		11.3.2 Internal Improvements
		11.3.3 Federal and State Support for Private Enterprise
		11.3.4 The Bank War
		11.3.5 Whigs, Van Buren, and the Panic of 1837
	11.4 The Second American Party System
		11.4.1 Whigs and Democrats
		11.4.2 The Campaign of 1840
		11.4.3 The Whig V ictory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency
	11.5 American Arts and Letters
		11.5.1 Popular Cultures and the Spread of the Written Word
		11.5.2 Creating a National American Culture
		11.5.3 Artists and Builders
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 12 Industry and the North 1790s–1840s
	American Communities: Women Factory Workers Form a Community in Lowell, Massachusetts
	12.1 The Transportation Revolution
		12.1.1 Roads
		12.1.2 Canals and Steamboats
		12.1.3 Railroads
		Seeing History: Industrialization and Rural Life
		12.1.4 The Effects of the Transportation Revolution
	12.2 The Market Revolution
		12.2.1 The Accumulation of Capital
		12.2.2 The Putting-Out System
		12.2.3 The Spread of Commercial Markets
	12.3 The Yankee West
		12.3.1 New Routes West
		12.3.2 Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest
		12.3.3 Transportation Changes Af fect Western Cities
	12.4 Industrialization Begins
		12.4.1 British Technology and American Industrialization
		12.4.2 The Lowell Mills
		12.4.3 Family Mills
		12.4.4 “The American System of Manufactures”
	12.5 From Artisan to Worker
		12.5.1 Preindustrial Ways of Working
		12.5.2 Mechanization and Gender
		12.5.3 Time, Work, and Leisure
		12.5.4 Free Labor
		12.5.5 Early Strikes
	12.6 The New Middle Class
		12.6.1 Wealth and Rank
		12.6.2 Religion and Personal Life
		Communities in Conflict: Two Mill Girls Disagree about Conditions at Lowell
		12.6.3 The New Middle-Class Family
		12.6.4 Middle-Class Children
		12.6.5 Sentimentalism and Transcendentalism
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 13 Meeting the Challenges of the New Age: Immigration, Urbanization, Social Reform 1820s–1850s
	American Communities: Women reformers of Seneca Falls respond to the Market revolution
	13.1 Immigration and the City
		13.1.1 The Growth of Cities
		13.1.2 Patterns of Immigration
		13.1.3 Irish Immigration
		13.1.4 German Immigration
		13.1.5 The Chinese in California
		13.1.6 Ethnic Neighborhoods
	13.2 Urban Problems
		13.2.1 New Living Patterns in the Cities
		13.2.2 Ethnicity in Urban Popular Culture
		Seeing History: P.T. Barnum’s Famous “Curiosity:” General Tom Thumb
		13.2.3 The Labor Movement and Urban Politics
		13.2.4 Civic Order
		13.2.5 Free African Americans in the Cities
	13.3 Social Reform Movements
		13.3.1 Religion, Reform, and Social Control
		13.3.2 Education and Women Teachers
		13.3.3 Temperance
		13.3.4 Moral Reform, Asylums, and Prisons
		13.3.5 Utopianism and Mormonism
	13.4 Antislavery and Abolitionism
		13.4.1 African Americans against Slavery
		13.4.2 The American Colonization Society
		13.4.3 White Abolitionists
		13.4.4 Abolitionism and Politics
	13.5 The Women’s Rights Movement
		13.5.1 The Grimké Sisters
		Communities in Conflict: When Women Speak up
		13.5.2 Women’s Rights
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 14 The Territorial Expansion of the United States 1830s–1850s
	American Communities: Texans and Tejanos “remember the Alamo!”
	14.1 Learning the Geography of Indian Country
		14.1.1 The Fur Trade
		14.1.2 Government-Sponsored Exploration
		14.1.3 Expansion and Indian Policy
	14.2 American Frontiers
		14.2.1 Frontiers of Accommodation
		14.2.2 Mani fest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology
		14.2.3 The Overland Trails
		14.2.4 Oregon
		14.2.5 The Santa Fé Trade
		14.2.6 Mexican Texas
		14.2.7 Americans in Texas
		14.2.8 The Republic of Texas
	14.3 Origins and Outcomes of the Mexican-American War
		14.3.1 Origins of the War
		14.3.2 Mr. Polk’s War
		14.3.3 The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm
	14.4 The Gold Rush Changes California
		14.4.1 Early American Settlement
		14.4.2 Gold!
		Seeing History: War news from Mexico
		14.4.3 Mining Camps
	14.5 Expansion and the Election of 1848
		14.5.1 The Wilmot Proviso
		14.5.2 The Free-Soil Movement
		14.5.3 The Election of 1848
	Communities in Conflict: The Sectional Split over the expansion of Slavery
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 15 The Coming Crisis, the 1850s
	American Communities: Illinois Communities Debate Slavery
	15.1 America in 1850
		15.1.1 Expansion and Growth
		15.1.2 Politics, Culture, and National Identity
	15.2 Cracks in National Unity
		15.2.1 The Compromise of 1850
		15.2.2 Political Parties Split over Slavery
		15.2.3 Congressional Divisions
		15.2.4 Two Communities, Two Perspectives
		15.2.5 The Fugitive Slave Law
		15.2.6 The Election of 1852
		15.2.7 “Young America”: The Politics of Expansion
	15.3 The Crisis of the National Party System
		15.3.1 The Kansas-Nebraska Act
		15.3.2 “Bleeding Kansas”
		15.3.3 The Politics of Nativism
		Seeing History: Brooks Beats Sumner
		15.3.4 The Republican Party and the Election of 1856
	15.4 The Differences Deepen
		15.4.1 The Dred Scott Decision
		15.4.2 The Lecompton Constitution
		15.4.3 The Panic of 1857
		15.4.4 John Brown’s Raid
	15.5 The South Secedes
		15.5.1 The Election of 1860
		Communities in Conflict: The Debate over immigration
		15.5.2 The South Leaves the Union
		15.5.3 The North’s Political Options
		15.5.4 Establishment of the Confederacy
		15.5.5 Lincoln’s Inauguration
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861–1865
	American Communities: Mother Bickerdyke Connects northern Communities to Their Boys at War
	16.1 Communities Mobilize for War
		16.1.1 Fort Sumter: The War Begins
		16.1.2 The Border States
		16.1.3 The Battle of Bull Run
		16.1.4 The Relative Strengths of North and South
	16.2 The Governments Organize for War
		16.2.1 Lincoln Takes Charge
		16.2.2 Expanding the Power of the Federal Government
		16.2.3 Diplomatic Objectives
		16.2.4 Jefferson Davis Tries to Unify the Confederacy
		16.2.5 Contradictions of Southern Nationalism
	16.3 The Fighting through 1862
		16.3.1 The War in Northern Virginia
		16.3.2 Shiloh and the War for the Mississippi
		16.3.3 The War in the Trans-Mississippi West
		16.3.4 The Naval War
		16.3.5 The Black Response
	16.4 The Death of Slavery
		16.4.1 The Politics of Emancipation
		16.4.2 Black Fighting Men
	Seeing History: Come and Join us Brothers
	16.5 The Front Lines and the Home Front
		16.5.1 The Toll of War
		16.5.2 Army Nurses
		16.5.3 The Life of the Common Soldier
		16.5.4 Wartime Politics
		16.5.5 Economic and Social Strains on the North
		16.5.6 The New York City Draft Riots
		Communities in Conflict: The Limits of Civil Liberties in Wartime
		16.5.7 The Failure of Southern Nationalism
	16.6 The Tide Turns
		16.6.1 The Turning Point of 1863
		16.6.2 Grant and Sherman
		16.6.3 The 1864 Election
		16.6.4 Nearing the End
		16.6.5 Appomattox
		16.6.6 Death of a President
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Chapter 17 Reconstruction 1863–1877
	American Communities: Hale County, Alabama: From Slavery to Freedom in a Black Belt Community
	17.1 The Politics of Reconstruction
		17.1.1 The Defeated South
		17.1.2 Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
		17.1.3 Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
		17.1.4 Fr ee Labor and the Radical Republican Vision
		17.1.5 Congressional Reconstruction and the Impeachment Crisis
		17.1.6 The Election of 1868
		17.1.7 Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction
	17.2 The Meaning of Freedom
		17.2.1 Moving About
		17.2.2 African American Families, Churches, and Schools
		17.2.3 Land and Labor after Slavery
		17.2.4 The Origins of African American Politics
	Seeing History: Changing images of reconstruction
	17.3 Southern Politics and Society
		17.3.1 Southern Republicans
		17.3.2 Reconstructing the States: A Mixed Record
		17.3.3 White Resistance and “Redemption”
		Communities in Conflict: The Ku Klux Klan in Alabama
		17.3.4 King Cotton: Shar ecroppers, Tenants, and the Southern Environment
	17.4 Reconstructing the North
		17.4.1 The Age of Capital
		17.4.2 Liberal Republicans and the Election of 1872
		17.4.3 The Depression of 1873
		17.4.4 The Electoral Crisis of 1876
	Conclusion
	Key Terms
	Timeline
Appendix
Credits
Index
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