Orthodontic Aligner Treatment: A Review of Materials, Clinical Management, and Evidence

Cover
	Orthodontic Aligner Treatment: A Review of Materials, Clinical Management, and Evidence
	Title Page
	Copyright
	Contents
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contributors
Section I Introduction: Types and Material Properties
	1 Aligner Treatment: An Overview
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Esthetic Treatment Demands
		1.3 Clear Aligner Therapy
		1.4 Orthodontic Tooth Movement with Clear Aligners
		1.5 Material Properties of Clear Aligners
		1.6 Conclusion
		References
	2 Material Properties of Aligners
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Chemical Composition
		2.3 Material Properties
			2.3.1 Mechanical Properties
			2.3.2 Water Absorption
			2.3.3 Transparency
		References
Section II Clinical Management
	3 Early Treatment in Preteens and Teenagers Using Aligners
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Fixed Expansion
		3.3 Removable Anterior Bite Plate Appliance
		3.4 Removable Posterior Bite Plate Appliance
		3.5 Functional Appliance
		3.6 Invisalign First
		3.7 Invisalign Treatment with Mandibular Advancement
			3.7.1 Mandibular Advancement with Precision Wings and Aligners
			3.7.2 Mandibular Advancement with Magnet-Activated Aligners
		3.8 Treatment in Early Mixed Dentition
		3.9 Treatment in Late Mixed Dentition
		3.10 Treatment in Permanent Dentition in Young Adolescents
		3.11 Conclusion
		References
	4 Teen Treatments with Aligners
		4.1 System Check
		4.2 Treatment Strategies
			4.2.1 Class II Malocclusion Treatment
			4.2.2 Class III Malocclusion Treatment
		4.3 Space Management
			4.3.1 Spacing (Excess of Space)
			4.3.2 Lack of Space
		4.4 Vertical Problems
			4.4.1 Open Bite
			4.4.2 Deep Bite
		4.5 Dislocated Impacted Canines
		4.6 Interdisciplinary Treatments
			4.6.1 Auxiliaries
			4.6.2 Elastics
			4.6.3 TADs
			4.6.4 Power Arms/Lever Arms
			4.6.5 Braces, Sectionals
		4.7 Retention
	5 Routine Mechanics and Aligners (Extraction/Nonextraction)
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Initial Appointments and Informed Consent
		5.3 Nonextraction Plans (Class I, II, and III Malocclusions)
			5.3.1 Class I Malocclusion Considerations
			5.3.2 Class II Malocclusion Considerations
			5.3.3 Class III Malocclusion Considerations
		5.4 Extraction Plans (Extraction Plans, Anchorage Control, Compensatory Movements)
			5.4.1 Considerations in Extraction Plans
			5.4.2 ClinCheck and Treatment Planning
			5.4.3 Planning and Execution
			5.4.4 Shape-Driven Orthodontics
			5.4.5 Compensatory Movements
			5.4.6 Attachment Designs
			5.4.7 Class I Malocclusion Considerations
			5.4.8 Class II Malocclusion Considerations
			5.4.9 Class III Malocclusion Considerations
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	6 Precautions with Aligner Treatment
		6.1 Special Care with Aligner Therapy
		6.2 Conclusion
		References
		Appendices (Aligner Efficiency in Individual Tooth Movements)
		Appendix A: Alignment
		Appendix B: Labiolingual Inclination: Tipping
		Appendix C: Labiolingual Inclination: Torque
		Appendix D: Transverse Plane
		Appendix E: Vertical Plane: Intrusion
		Appendix F: Vertical Plane: Extrusion
		Appendix G: Rotations
	7 Clear Plastic Appliances as Retainers
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Historical Background to Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.3 Worldwide Use of Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.4 Types of Materials and Methods of Production
		7.5 Polyethylene and Polypropylene Retainers
		7.6 Polyurethane Retainers
		7.7 Multilayer Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.8 Thickness of Retainers
		7.9 Production of Retainers
		7.10 Design of Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.11 How Often to Wear Clear Plastic Retainers?
		7.12 Indications for Use
		7.13 Clear Plastic Retainers: An Evidence-Based Approach
		7.14 Clear Plastic Retainers versus Hawley Retainers
		7.15 Clear Plastic Retainers versus Begg Retainers
		7.16 Clear Plastic Retainers versus Bonded (Fixed) Retainers
		7.17 Clear Plastic Retainers: Full Coverage versus Modified Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.18 Safety and Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.19 Longevity of Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.20 Compliance with Clear Plastic Retainers
		7.21 The Future
		References
	8 Digital Workflow in Aligner Therapy
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Dental Records
		8.3 Data Acquisition
		8.4 Diagnostics
		8.5 Planning
		8.6 Outcome Simulation
		8.7 Designing Aligners and Management Portals
		8.8 Manufacturing Aligners
		References
Section III Evidence
	9 Outcome Assessment and Evidence on the Clinical Performance of Orthodontic Aligners
		9.1 Background
		9.2 Appraisal of Evidence from Existing Clinical Studies
		9.3 Characteristics of Existing Clinical Studies Comparing Aligners to Fixed Appliances
		9.4 Treatment Efficacy in Terms of Occlusal Outcome
		9.5 Treatment Efficiency in Terms of Duration and Adverse Effects
		9.6 Strength of Current Recommendations and Threats to Their Validity
		9.7 Conclusion
		References
	10 Forces and Moments Generated by Aligner-Type Appliances for Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Existing Evidence
			10.2.1 Aligner Thickness
			10.2.2 Type of Tooth Movement
			10.2.3 Aligner Material
			10.2.4 Internal Validity of the Existing Evidence
		10.3 Conclusion
		References
	11 Aligners and the Oral Microbiome
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Oral Hygiene during Orthodontic Treatment
		11.3 Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on the Oral Microbiome
		11.4 Cariogenic Bacteria
		11.5 Periodontopathic Bacteria
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	12 Intraoral Aging and Changes on Aligner Mechanical Properties
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Mechanical Properties after In Vivo Aging
		12.3 Hardness
		12.4 Elastic Modulus
		12.5 Tensile Strength
		12.6 Creep-Relaxation
		12.7 Mechanisms of Degradations of Mechanical Properties
		References
	13 Color Changes of Aligners and Thermoplastic Retainers during Intraoral Service
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Mechanisms of Discoloration of Aligners and Thermoplastic Retainers
		13.3 Other Phenomena Influencing Color of Aligners and Thermoplastic Retainers
		13.4 Research on Discoloration of Aligners and Thermoplastic Retainers
			13.4.1 In Vitro Studies
			13.4.2 In Vivo Studies
		13.5 Conclusion
		References
	14 Biological Properties of Aligners
	15 Aligner Treatment from the Patient
Perspective
Index