Organoid Technology for Disease Modelling and Personalized Treatment

Contents
1 The Organoids: Derivations and Applications
	Introduction
	Deriving Organoids
		Physical Properties of the Culture Environment
		Endogenous and Exogenous Signals
		Cell Sources, Starting Cell Type, and Initial Culture Condition
	Applications of Organoids
		The Use of Organoids as Models for Development, Homeostasis, and Regeneration
		The Use of Organoids for Disease Modelling
		Congenital Diseases
		Acquired Diseases
		The Use of Organoids in Drug Discovery and Personalised Medicine
		The Use of Organoids in Regenerative Medicine
	Challenges, Limitations in the Application of Organoids, and Bioengineering Approach to Overcome Limitations
		Approaches to Improve Organoid Maturity
		Approaches to Improve Organoid Architecture
		Approaches to Improve Disease Modelling
	Conclusion
	References
2 Lung Organoids: A New Pathway into Lung Regeneration and Repair
	Lung Development, Homeostasis and Regeneration
	The Challenge of Lung Modelling
	Origin of Lung Organoid Cultures
	Lung Organoids: Potential Applications in Lung Repair and Regeneration
	Lung Organoids and Personalized Repair
	References
3 Lung Organoid: Innovative Technology for Respiratory Disease Modelling
	Background
	Lung Injury and Repair
	Lung Organoid as an Alternative Approach Over Animal Model to Study Lung Diseases
	Current Technologies in Generating Lung Organoid
	Lung Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
	Lung Organoids Derived from Adult Stem Cell
	Organoids in Respiratory Diseases Modelling and Personalised Medicine
		Infectious Disease
		Genetic Disease
		Cancer
	Current Limitations and Future Directions
	References
4 Recent Advances in Brains Organoids: Opportunities and Challenges
	The Origin of Brain Organoids
		Neural Fate
		Brain Organoids Derived from Human and Animal Models
	The Opportunities of Using Brain Organoids
		Neurodevelopmental Diseases
		Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
		Parkinson's Disease (PD)
	The Challenges of Using Brain Organoids
		Bioethics
		Biopausibility
	Conclusion
	References
5 Toward Understanding Neurodegeneration Using Brain Organoids
	Introduction
	Technical Principles of Brain Organoid Formation
		Factor-Primed Approach
		Self-Patterned Approach
		Fusion Approach
		Co-culture Approach
	Brain Organoid and Neurodegeneration
	Alzheimer's Disease
	Parkinson's Disease
	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	Other Applications
	Brain Organoid for Drug Development and Personalised Medicine
	Conclusion
	References
6 Organoids in the Human Reproductive System
	Introduction
	Cell Sources for Derivation of Reproductive Organoids
	Organoids as a Model for Female Reproductive Diseases
		Ovarian Organoids
		Fallopian Tube Organoid
		Endometrial Organoids
		Cervical Organoid
		Trophoblast Organoids
	Organoids as a Model for Male Reproductive Diseases
		Testicular Organoid
		Prostate Organoids
	Application of Reproductive Organoids in Personalised Medicine
	Conclusion
	References
7 Production and Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids for Cartilage and Bone Regeneration
	Introduction
	Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids
		Mesenchymal Stem Cells
		Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids
		Methods for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroid Production
	Productions of Bone and Cartilage Microtissues from Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids
		Production of Cartilage Tissues from MSC Spheroids
		Production of Bone Tissues from MSC Spheroids
	Applications of MSC Spheroids and MSC Spheroid-Derived Cartilage in Bone Regeneration
	Conclusion
	References
8 Biomaterials in Organoid Development
	Introduction
	Extracellular Matrix and Organoids
	Cell-Adhesive Ligands
	Mechanical Properties
	Matrix Geometry
	Matrix Degradation and Remodelling
	Biomaterials as Matrices in Organoid Development
	Natural ECM
	Synthetic Matrices
	Recommendations and Suggestions
	Conclusion
	References
9 Genome Editing in Organoid to Improve Understanding of Human Disease
	CRISPR/Cas9 Technology Used in Neurosphere Organoids
	CRISPR/Cas9 Approach Used in the Hematopoietic System
	CRISPR/Cas9 Technology Used in Retinal Disorders
	CRISPR/Cas9 Technology Used in Cardiovascular Disease
	Application of CRISPR/Cas9 on Lung Cancer Therapies
	CRISPR/Cas9 System Used in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
	The CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Organoid for Future Personalized Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
10 Ethical Implications on Organoid
	Introduction
		History of Organoid
		Application of Organoids
	What Are the Ethical Issues?
		Philosophical Grounds
		The Benefit Towards Animal Exploitation as Disease Modelling
	Source of Stem or Progenitor Cells
		Consent Models
		Genetics Modifications and Precision Medicine
		Organoid Biobanking
	Conclusion and Future Direction
	References