Organizational Encounters with Risk

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Tables......Page 9
Contributors......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Abbreviations and acronyms......Page 15
Organizing and risking......Page 17
Organizations and risk regulation......Page 22
Encountering risk: the organization of attention......Page 26
Technology......Page 32
Encountering risk: sense making......Page 34
Encountering risk: re-organizing......Page 41
Conclusion......Page 46
2 Organizational rituals of risk and error......Page 49
Launching shuttles and aeroplanes: the social organization of risk encounters......Page 52
The trajectory of anomalies: technologies of control and the determination of risk......Page 55
Space transportation system......Page 56
Identification and measurement......Page 57
Air traffic control......Page 63
Identification and measurement......Page 66
Organizational rituals of risk and error......Page 73
Implications......Page 77
3 ‘Ways of seeing’: understandings of risk in organizational settings......Page 83
Ways of seeing organizations......Page 84
Ways of seeing within organizations......Page 88
Re-organizing......Page 94
External blaming......Page 97
Internal blaming......Page 101
Conclusion......Page 106
Introduction: risk and the legalization of medicine......Page 108
Medical protocols as a legal system......Page 112
Codification of medical knowledge in clinical practice guidelines......Page 116
Recent history of clinical protocols and medical discourse......Page 117
Production of clinical practice guidelines......Page 121
Clinical rules and the collective authority of physicians......Page 123
Rules for the conduct of research on human beings......Page 129
A brief history of research rules......Page 130
Contemporary debates about medical research......Page 136
Governance protocols: using clinical practice guidelines for medical management......Page 138
Comparative rule and guideline making......Page 143
Conclusion......Page 145
5 Organizational responses to risk: the rise of the chief risk officer......Page 148
The rise of the CRO: definitions and trends......Page 149
Encountering risk and the construction of organizational categories......Page 153
CROs: functionality or blame shifting?......Page 155
CRO: an emerging profession?......Page 159
Conclusion: CROs and the integrationist dream......Page 162
6 Incentives, risk and accountability in organizations......Page 165
The classical principal–agent model......Page 167
Foundations of agency problems......Page 169
Multi-tasking......Page 171
Multiple principals......Page 172
Empirical evidence......Page 173
The three Ms approach......Page 174
Missions......Page 175
Motivation......Page 176
Matching......Page 177
The role of incentives......Page 178
Public versus private organizations......Page 179
The role of competition......Page 180
Innovation in organizations......Page 181
Conclusion......Page 182
7 Mathematizing risk: models, arbitrage and crises......Page 183
Arbitrage and models of financial markets......Page 187
Performing theory......Page 191
Long-Term Capital Management......Page 195
Conclusion......Page 201
8 Interdependencies within an organization......Page 206
Importance of problem structure......Page 207
Chemical plant protection: the two-agent problem......Page 208
The multi-agent IDS case......Page 211
Internal organizational rules......Page 213
Role of third-party inspections, insurance and regulations......Page 214
Tipping behaviour......Page 216
Principal-agent problems......Page 217
Examining alternative decision rules......Page 218
Role of coordinating mechanisms......Page 219
Estimating the risk of an accident......Page 220
Evaluating similarities and differences between IDS problems......Page 222
Conclusion......Page 223
9 Restoring reason: causal narratives and political culture......Page 225
India: Bhopal gas disaster......Page 228
Britain: BSE, food safety and the restoration of trust......Page 232
United States: 9/11, aeroplanes and the failure of intelligence......Page 237
Causal analysis and civic epistemology......Page 241
Conclusion: learning cultures......Page 246
Bibliography......Page 249
Name index......Page 273
Subject index......Page 278