Organizational Behavior

Tittle
Contents
Part One The World of Organizational Behavior
	Chapter One Organizational Behavior: The Quest for People-Centered Organizations and Ethical Conduct
		Welcome to the World of OB
			Organizational Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Field
			Some FAQs about Studying OB
		A Historical Perspective of OB
			The Human Relations Movement
			The Quality Movement
			The Internet and E-Business Revolution
			The Need to Build Human and Social Capital
		Real World Real People Debt-Burdened Students Help Themselves by Building Human and Social Capital
		The Managerial Context: Getting Things Done with and through Others
			What Do Managers Do? A Skills Profile
			21st-Century Managers
			The Contingency Approach to Management
		Real World Real People Businesses Help Develop Nonprofit Sector Leaders
		The Ethics Challenge
		Real World Real People Pennies Add Up at JCPenney
			A Model of Global Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics
			An Erosion of Morality?
			General Moral Principles
			How to Improve the Organization’s Ethical Climate
			A Personal Call to Action
		Learning about OB: Research and a Road Map
			Five Sources of OB Research Insights
			A Topical Model for Understanding and Managing OB
		Summary of Key Concepts
		Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study A Passion for the Planet
		Ethical Dilemma Caught in the Layoff Wringer
			Web Resources
	Chapter Two Managing Diversity: Releasing Every Employee’s Potential
		Defining Diversity
			Layers of Diversity
				Affirmative Action and Managing Diversity
			Building the Business Case for Managing Diversity
			Real World Real People ATA Engineering Inc. Effectively Manages Diversity
				Increasing Diversity in the Workforce
			Real World Real People Best Buy Uses a Women’s Leadership Forum to Build Employee and Customer Loyalty
				Managerial Implications of Demographic Diversity
			Real World Real People Miami Children’s Hospital and Shaw Industries Inc. Focus on Improving Employees’ English Proficiency
				The Positive and Negative Effects of Diverse Work Environments
			Barriers and Challenges to Managing Diversity
			Organizational Practices Used to Effectively Manage Diversity
				R Roosevelt Thomas Jr’s Generic Action Options
			Real World Real People Sodexho USA Fosters Mutual Adaptation
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study LeasePlan Effectively Manages Diversity
		Ethical Dilemma Should Wal-Mart Pull the Plug on Ningbo Beifa Group?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Three Organizational Culture, Socialization, and Mentoring
		Organizational Culture: Definition and Context
			Dynamics of Organizational Culture
				Layers of Organizational Culture
			Real World Real People Williams-Sonoma’s Espoused Values Focus on Employees, Customers, Shareholders, and Ethical Behavior
				Four Functions of Organizational Culture
				Types of Organizational Culture
			Real World Real People Home Depot’s Former CEO, Robert Nardelli, Fostered a Hierarchy Culture
				Outcomes Associated with Organizational Culture
			The Process of Culture Change
			Real World Real People Toyota Plans to Restructure in Order to Change Its Culture
			The Organizational Socialization Process
				A Three-Phase Model of Organizational Socialization
			Real World Real People Herbalife International Effectively Uses Onboarding with Executives
				Practical Application of Socialization Research
			Embedding Organizational Culture through Mentoring
				Functions of Mentoring
				Developmental Networks Underlying Mentoring
				Personal and Organizational Implications
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Cisco Systems Uses Its Culture for Competitive Advantage
		Ethical Dilemma Credit-Card Issuers Have Cultures That Focus on Growth by Targeting Financially Strapped People
			Web Resources
	Chapter Four International OB: Managing across Cultures
		Culture and Organizational Behavior
			Societal Culture Is Complex and Multilayered
				Culture Is a Subtle but Pervasive Force
				Real World Real People Should Anthropologists Go to War?
					A Model of Societal and Organizational Cultures
				Developing Cultural Intelligence
					Ethnocentrism: A Cross-Cultural Roadblock
					Cultural Paradoxes Require Cultural Intelligence
				Understanding Cultural Differences
					High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
					Nine Cultural Dimensions from the GLOBE Project
					Individualism versus Collectivism
					Cultural Perceptions of Time
					Interpersonal Space
				Real World Real People Arizona Hospital Blends Modern Medicine with Navajo Traditions
					Religion
				Practical Insights from Cross-Cultural Management Research
					The Hofstede Study: How Well Do US Management Theories Apply in Other Countries?
					Leadership Lessons from the GLOBE Project
				Preparing Employees for Successful Foreign Assignments
					Why Do US Expatriates Fail on Foreign Assignments?
					A Bright Spot: North American Women on Foreign Assignments
					Avoiding OB Trouble Spots in Foreign Assignments
				Real World Real People Training Needs to Fit the Local Culture
				Summary of Key Concepts
				Key Terms
			OB in Action Case Study It’s All About Face-to-Face
			Ethical Dilemma 3M Tries to Make a Difference in Russia
				Web Resources
Part Two Individual Behavior in Organizations
	Chapter Five Key Individual Differences and the Road to Success
		Self-Concept
			Self-Esteem
		Real World Real People Military Veterans Bring High Self-Efficacy to MBA Programs
			Self-Efficacy
			Self-Monitoring
			Organizational Identification: A Social Aspect of Self- Concept with Ethical Implications
		Personality: Concepts and Controversy
			The Big Five Personality Dimensions
			The Proactive Personality
		Real World Real People Climbing Life’s Mountains Requires the Right People with Proactive Personalities
			Issue: What about Personality Testing in the Workplace?
		Abilities (Intelligence) and Performance
			Abilities and the Need for Sleep
			Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities
			Do We Have Multiple Intelligences?
		Emotions in the Workplace
			Positive and Negative Emotions
			Developing Emotional Intelligence
			Practical Research Insights about Emotional Contagion and Emotional Labor
		Paving Your Road to Success with Lessons from OB
		Real World Real People Failure Is Not an Option
			Psychological Capital
			Deliberate Practice
			Luck
			Humility
		Summary of Key Concepts
		Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study The Best Advice I Ever Got
		Ethical Dilemma Is It Time for Performance- Enhancing Drugs in the Workplace?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Six Values, Attitudes, Job Satisfaction, and Counterproductive Work Behaviors
		Personal Values
			Schwartz’s Value Theory
				Value Conflicts
				Work versus Family Life Conflict
			Real World Real People Karyn Couvillion Quit Her Job in Response to Work/Family Conflict
			Attitudes
				The Nature of Attitudes
				What Happens When Attitudes and Reality Collide? Cognitive Dissonance
				How Stable Are Attitudes?
				Attitudes Affect Behavior via Intentions
			Real World Real People Attitudes and Beliefs at the Core of Machinists’ Strike at Boeing
			Key Work Attitudes
				Organizational Commitment
				Job Involvement and Employee Engagement
			Job Satisfaction
				The Causes of Job Satisfaction
			Real World Real People Organizations Assess Employees’ Job Satisfaction Even during Bad Times
				Major Correlates and Consequences of Job Satisfaction
			Real World Real People Phenomenex Inc. Uses Fun to Reduce Absenteeism
			Counterproductive Work Behaviors
				Mistreatment of Others
				Violence at Work
				Causes and Prevention of CWBs
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Companies Are Trying to Improve Employee Attitudes during the Recession
		Ethical Dilemma How Would You Handle Employees Who Fake Illnesses to Take Sick Leave?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Seven Social Perception and Attributions
		An Information-Processing Model of Perception
			Four-Stage Sequence and a Working Example
				Stage 1: Selective Attention/Comprehension
				Stage 2: Encoding and Simplification
			Real World Real People In-Store Displays Help Generate Sales
				Stage 3: Storage and Retention
			Real World Real People Yukihiro Yamazaki Uses Information in Long-Term Memory to Evaluate a Vehicle’s Performance
				Stage 4: Retrieval and Response
				Managerial Implications
			Stereotypes: Perceptions about Groups of People
				Stereotype Formation and Maintenance
				Sex-Role Stereotypes
				Age Stereotypes
				Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes
			Real World Real People Tiger Woods Experiences Racial Bias
				Disability Stereotypes
				Managerial Challenges and Recommendations
			Real World Real People Walgreens Effectively Accommodates People with Disabilities
			Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Pygmalion Effect
				Research and an Explanatory Model
				Putting the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy to Work
			Causal Attributions
				Kelley’s Model of Attribution
				Attributional Tendencies
				Managerial Application and Implications
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Job Offers Are Won and Lost Based on Interviewers’ Perceptions of Responses to the Question “What Are Your Weaknesses”
		Ethical Dilemma Should Brain Scans Be Used to Craft Advertising?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Eight Foundations of Motivation
		Content Theories of Motivation
			Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
				Alderfer’s ERG Theory
				McClelland’s Need Theory
				Herzberg’s Motivator–Hygiene Theory
		Real World Real People High Achievement Needs Can Lead to Negative Outcomes
		Process Theories of Motivation
		Adams’s Equity Theory of Motivation
		Real World Real People Fired Contractor Seeks Revenge against Fannie Mae
			The Individual–Organization Exchange Relationship
			Negative and Positive Inequity
			Dynamics of Perceived Inequity
			Expanding the Concept of Equity: Organizational Justice
			Practical Lessons from Equity Theory
		Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
			Expectancy
			Instrumentality
			Valence
			Vroom’s Expectancy Theory in Action
		Real World Real People Aflac Uses the Principles of Expectancy Theory
			Research on Expectancy Theory and Managerial Implications
		Motivation through Goal Setting
			Goals: Definition and Background
			How Does Goal Setting Work?
		Real World Real People Mitsubishi and Emory University Attempt to Set Sustainability Goals
			Practical Lessons from Goal-Setting Research
		Motivating Employees through Job Design
			The Mechanistic Approach
			Motivational Approaches
		Real World Real People Tata Consultancy Services Uses Job Rotation
			Biological and Perceptual-Motor Approaches
		Putting Motivational Theories to Work
		Summary of Key Concepts
		Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study The Pay-for-Performance Program among Denver Teachers Hits a Roadblock
			Ethical Dilemma Should Retrocessions Be Allowed in the United States?
				Web Resources
	Chapter Nine Improving Job Performance with Goals, Feedback, Rewards, and Positive Reinforcement
		Goal Setting
			Two Types of Goals
				Management by Objectives
			Real World Real People Starwood’s New CEO Frits van Paasschen Runs on Goals
				Managing the Goal-Setting Process
			Feedback
				Two Functions of Feedback
				Are the Feedback Recipients Ready, Willing, and Able?
			Real World Real People Culture Trumped Performance Ratings at ITT
				Practical Lessons from Feedback Research
				360-Degree Feedback
				How to Give Feedback for Coaching Purposes and Organizational Effectiveness
			Organizational Reward Systems
				Types of Rewards
				Reward Distribution Criteria
				Desired Outcomes of the Reward System
				The Building Blocks of Intrinsic Rewards and Motivation
				Why Do Extrinsic Rewards Too Often Fail to Motivate?
				Pay for Performance
				Getting the Most out of Extrinsic Rewards and Pay for Performance
			Real World Real People Should Teachers’ Pay Be Tied to Student Performance?
			Positive Reinforcement
				Thorndike’s Law of Effect
				Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Model
				Contingent Consequences
				Schedules of Reinforcement
				Behavior Shaping
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study The Employee Whisperer
		Ethical Dilemma Rewarding and Motivating Employees by Ignoring Their Unethical Actions
			Web Resources
Part Three Group and Social Processes
	Chapter Ten Group Dynamics
		Groups and Social Networking
			Formal and Informal Groups
				Functions of Formal Groups
				Social Networking Is Blurring the Formal/Informal Boundaries
			The Group Development Process
			Real World Real People For Better or for Worse, Social Networking Is Breaking Down Walls
				Five Stages
				Group Development: Research and Practical Implications
			Roles and Norms: Social Building Blocks for Group and Organizational Behavior
				Roles
			Real World Real People Take Charge of the Role Conflict in Your Busy Life
				Norms
				Relevant Research Insights and Managerial Implications
			Group Structure and Composition
				Functional Roles Performed by Group Members
				Group Size
				Effects of Men and Women Working Together in Groups
			Threats to Group Effectiveness
				The Asch Effect
				Groupthink
				Social Loafing
			Real World Real People A Call for Better Corporate Governance
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Unmasking Manly Men
		Ethical Dilemma My Boss Wants to “Friend” Me Online
			Web Resources
	Chapter Eleven Developing and Leading Effective Teams
		Work Teams: Types, Effectiveness, and Stumbling Blocks
			A General Typology of Work Teams
				Effective Work Teams
				Why Do Work Teams Fail?
			Effective Teamwork through Cooperation, Trust, and Cohesiveness
				Cooperation
				Trust
			Real World Real People Designing Buildings with Employee Collaboration in Mind
				Cohesiveness
			Teams in Action: Virtual Teams and Self-Managed Teams
			Real World Real People Xerox’s “Future of Work” Project Foresees a Flexible Global Workplace
				Virtual Teams
				Self-Managed Teams
			Team Building and Team Leadership
				Team Building
			Real World Real People Team Building: Turning Managers into Business Maestros
				Leading Teams
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study A Trans-Atlantic Team Learns the Ropes
		Ethical Dilemma Thanks, But No Thanks!
			Web Resources
	Chapter Twelve Individual and Group Decision Making
		Models of Decision Making
			The Rational Model
			Real World Real People McDonald’s Used Multiple Methods to Identify a Problem
				Nonrational Models of Decision Making
				Integrating Rational and Nonrational Models
			Decision-Making Biases
			Real World Real People Decision-Making Biases Affect the Misdiagnosis of Medical Conditions
			Dynamics of Decision Making
				Improving Decision Making through Effective Knowledge Management
				General Decision-Making Styles
			Real World Real People LydondellBasell Focuses on Retaining Employee Knowledge
				The Role of Intuition in Decision Making
				Road Map to Ethical Decision Making: A Decision Tree
			Group Decision Making
				Group Involvement in Decision Making
				Advantages and Disadvantages of Group-Aided Decision Making
				Group Problem-Solving Techniques
			Real World Real People CKE Restaurants Combines Brainstorming, NGT, and Intuition to Make Decisions about New Products
			Creativity
				Definition and Individual Characteristics Associated with Creativity
				The Steps or Stages of Creativity
				Practical Recommendations for Increasing Creativity
			Real World Real People Employees at the Blanchard Schaefer Agency Are Given the Time and Space to Be Creative
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Ford’s CEO Alan Mulally Adopts a New Approach to Decision Making
		Ethical Dilemma Should Hospitals Be Allowed to Use Credit Scores in Determining What Type of Care Patients Receive?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Thirteen Managing Conflict and Negotiating
		Conflict: A Modern Perspective
			The Language of Conflict: Metaphors and Meaning
				A Conflict Continuum
				Functional versus Dysfunctional Conflict
				Why People Avoid Conflict
				Real World Real People Lots of Friendly Fighting at Google
					Antecedents of Conflict
					Desired Conflict Outcomes
				Types of Conflict
					Personality Conflict
					Intergroup Conflict
					Cross-Cultural Conflict
				Managing Conflict
					Stimulating Functional Conflict
				Real World Real People How Toro Mows Down Bad Ideas
					Alternative Styles for Handling Dysfunctional Conflict
				Real World Real People Let’s Go Play Some Golf
					Third-Party Interventions
					Practical Lessons from Conflict Research
				Negotiation
				Real World Real People You Won’t Get a Better Price If You Don’t Ask
					Two Basic Types of Negotiation
					Ethical Pitfalls in Negotiation
					Practical Lessons from Negotiation Research
				Conflict Management and Negotiation: A Contingency Approach
				Summary of Key Concepts
				Key Terms
			OB in Action Case Study Selina Lo Sees the Light
			Ethical Dilemma Break It Up!
				Web Resources
Part Four Organizational Processes
	Chapter Fourteen Communicating in the Digital Age
		Basic Dimensions of the Communication Process
			Perceptual Process Model of Communication
				Barriers to Effective Communication
		Interpersonal Communication
			Assertiveness, Aggressiveness, and Nonassertiveness
			Nonverbal Communication
		Real World Real People Reading the Nonverbal Signs of a Possible Layoff
			Active Listening
			Women and Men Communicate Differently
		Organizational Communication
			Formal Communication Channels: Up, Down, Horizontal, and External
			Informal Communication Channels
		Real World Real People Surgical Team Communication Is a Life-or-Death Matter
			Choosing Media: A Contingency Perspective
		How Digital Communication Is Impacting Organizational Behavior
		Real World Real People Global E-Mentoring at IBM
			Strategic Concerns: Security and Privacy
			Here Comes the Huge Internet Generation
			The Two Faces of Telecommuting/Teleworking
			Dealing with Unintended Consequences of the Digital Age
		Summary of Key Concepts
		Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Go Ahead, Use Facebook
		Ethical Dilemma We Know Where You Are
			Web Resources
	Chapter Fifteen Influence, Empowerment, and Politics
		Real World Real People PepsiCo’s CEO Indra Nooyi Is a Master of Influence
			Organizational Influence Tactics
				Nine Generic Influence Tactics
				Three Possible Influence Outcomes
				Practical Research Insights
			Social Power
				Dimensions of Power
			Real World Real People Get Healthy. That’s an Order!
				Research Insights about Social Power
				Using Power Responsibly and Ethically
			Empowerment: From Power Sharing to Power Distribution
				A Matter of Degree
				Participative Management
			Real World Real People Power to the People at Cisco Systems
				Delegation
				Empowerment: The Research Record and Practical Advice
			Organizational Politics and Impression Management
				Definition and Domain of Organizational Politics
				Political Tactics
				Impression Management
			Real World Real People “It’s Hard to Look Smart with Bad Numbers”
				Research Evidence on Organizational Politics and Impression Management
				Managing Organizational Politics
			Summary of Key Concepts
		Key Terms OB in Action Case Study Beyond Flextime: Trashing the Workweek
		Ethical Dilemma You Say You Never Lie? That’s Probably a Lie!
			Web Resources
	Chapter Sixteen Leadership
		What Does Leadership Involve?
			Leadership Defined
				Approaches to Leadership
				Leading versus Managing
			Trait and Behavioral Theories of Leadership
			Real World Real People AlliedBarton Security Services’s Leadership Development Produces Positive Results
				Trait Theory
				Behavioral Styles Theory
			Situational Theories
				Fiedler’s Contingency Model
			Real World Real People Carol Bartz Uses Task- Motivated Leadership to Turn around Yahoo
				Path–Goal Theory
				Applying Situational Theories
			The Full-Range Model of Leadership: From Laissez-Faire to Transformational Leadership
				How Does Transformational Leadership Transform Followers?
				Research and Managerial Implications
			Real World Real People Steve Harrison Uses Business Decencies to Exhibit Individualized Consideration
			Additional Perspectives on Leadership
				The Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Model of Leadership
				Shared Leadership
				Servant-Leadership
				The Role of Followers in the Leadership Process
			Real World Real People Jack and Suzy Welch Identify What Followers Can Expect from Leaders
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Indra Nooyi Uses the Full Range of Leadership
		Ethical Dilemma Should You Cover for a Laid-Off Friend?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Seventeen Organizational Design, Effectiveness, and Innovation
		Organizations: Definition and Perspectives
			What Is an Organization?
				Organization Charts
			Real World Real People Companies Have Different Views about the Optimum Span of Control
				An Open-System Perspective of Organizations
				Learning Organizations
			Organization Design in a Changing World
				Traditional Designs
				Focus on Collaboration: Horizontal Design
				Designs That Open Boundaries between Organizations
			The Contingency Approach to Designing Organizations
			Real World Real People Toyota Changes Its Organizational Structure in Response to a Plunge in Sales
				Mechanistic versus Organic Organizations
			Getting the Right Fit
			Organizational Effectiveness (and the Threat of Decline)
				Generic Organizational-Effectiveness Criteria
				Multiple Effectiveness Criteria: Some Practical Guidelines
				The Ever-Present Threat of Organizational Decline
			Organizational Innovation
				Myths about Innovation
			Real World Real People Zara Spends Decades to Innovate Its Supply Chain
				A Model of Innovation
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Irdeto Holdings BV Changes Its Organizational Structure
		Ethical Dilemma Has Electronic Monitoring Gone Too Far?
			Web Resources
	Chapter Eighteen Managing Change and Stress
		Forces of Change
			External Forces
			Real World Real People Companies Are Asking Shareholders for Input about Executive Compensation
				Internal Forces
			Models and Dynamics of Planned Change
				Types of Change
				Lewin’s Change Model
				A Systems Model of Change
				Kotter’s Eight Steps for Leading Organizational Change
				Creating Change through Organization Development
			Real World Real People MasterCard Implements Kotter’s Model
			Understanding and Managing Resistance to Change
				Causes of Resistance to Change
				Alternative Strategies for Overcoming Resistance to Change
			Dynamics of Stress
				Defining Stress
				A Model of Occupational Stress
				Moderators of Occupational Stress
				Stress-Reduction Techniques
			Real World Real People The Recession Results in Increased Demand for Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
			Summary of Key Concepts
			Key Terms
		OB in Action Case Study Wyeth Implements Major Organizational Change
		Ethical Dilemma Is There an Ethical Way to Implement Downsizing without Hurting Your Best Employees?
			Web Resources
Photo Credits
Endnotes
Glossary
Name/Company/Index
Subject Index
Endnotes EN
Glossary G
Index I