Organizational Behavior

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 8
Copyright Page ......Page 9
Brief Contents ......Page 10
Contents ......Page 12
Preface ......Page 30
 1 What Is Organizational Behavior?......Page 43
  The Importance of Interpersonal Skills ......Page 46
  Management and Organizational Behavior ......Page 47
   Management Roles ......Page 48
   Management Skills ......Page 49
   Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities......Page 50
   Big Data ......Page 52
   Myth or Science? Management by Walking Around Is the Most Effective Management......Page 53
   Psychology ......Page 56
  There Are Few Absolutes in OB......Page 57
  Challenges and Opportunities for OB......Page 58
   Continuing Globalization ......Page 59
   Workforce Demographics ......Page 60
   Personal Inventory Assessments Multicultural Awareness Scale......Page 61
   People Skills ......Page 62
   Employee Well-Being at Work......Page 63
   Positive Work Environment ......Page 64
   Ethical Behavior ......Page 65
   An Ethical Choice Vacation Deficit Disorder......Page 66
   Inputs ......Page 67
   Outcomes ......Page 68
   Career OBjectives  What oo I say about my termination?......Page 70
  Implications for Managers ......Page 73
  Point/Counterpoint The Battle of the Texts......Page 74
  Experiential Exercise Managing the OB Way......Page 75
  Case Incident 1 Apple Goes Global......Page 76
  Case Incident 2 Big Data for Dummies......Page 77
 2 Diversity in Organizations......Page 81
   Demographic Characteristics ......Page 84
   Levels of Diversity ......Page 85
  Discrimination ......Page 86
   Stereotype Threat ......Page 87
   Discrimination in the Workplace ......Page 88
   Age ......Page 89
   Myth or Science? Bald Is Better......Page 90
   Sex ......Page 91
   Race and Ethnicity ......Page 92
   Disabilities ......Page 93
   Hidden Disabilities ......Page 94
   Religion ......Page 95
   Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity ......Page 96
   Career OBjectives Is it okay to be gay at work?......Page 97
  Ability ......Page 98
   Intellectual Abilities ......Page 99
   Physical Abilities ......Page 100
   Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees ......Page 101
   Diversity in Groups ......Page 102
   Effective Diversity Programs ......Page 103
  Implications for Managers ......Page 104
  Point/Counterpoint Affirmative Action Programs Have Outlived Their Usefulness......Page 105
  Ethical Dilemma The 30% Club in Hong Kong Aims to Uphold Board Diversity......Page 106
  Case Incident 1 Walking the Walk......Page 107
  Case Incident 2 The Encore Career......Page 108
 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction......Page 113
  Attitudes ......Page 116
  Attitudes and Behavior ......Page 117
   An Ethical Choice Office Talk......Page 118
   Perceived Organizational Support ......Page 119
   Employee Engagement ......Page 120
   Measuring Job Satisfaction ......Page 121
   How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? ......Page 122
   Job Conditions ......Page 124
   Pay ......Page 125
   Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)......Page 126
   Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)......Page 127
   Life Satisfaction ......Page 128
  The Impact of Job Dissatisfaction ......Page 129
   Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB)......Page 130
   Managers Often “Don’t Get It”......Page 132
  Implications for Managers ......Page 133
  Point/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept......Page 134
  Ethical Dilemma Because It’s Worth It?......Page 135
  Case Incident 1 The Pursuit of Happiness: Flexibility......Page 136
  Case Incident 2 Job Crafting......Page 137
 4 Emotions and Moods......Page 141
   The Basic Emotions ......Page 144
   Moral Emotions ......Page 145
   The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect ......Page 146
   Experiencing Moods and Emotions ......Page 147
   The Function of Emotions ......Page 148
   Personality ......Page 149
   Weather ......Page 150
   Age ......Page 153
  Emotional Labor ......Page 154
  Emotional Intelligence ......Page 156
   Personal Inventory Assessments Emotional Intelligence Assessment......Page 158
   Emotion Regulation Techniques ......Page 159
   Ethics of Emotion Regulation ......Page 161
   Decision Making ......Page 162
   Leadership ......Page 163
   Job Attitudes ......Page 164
   Deviant Workplace Behaviors ......Page 165
  Implications for Managers ......Page 166
  Point/Counterpoint Sometimes Yelling Is for Everyone’s Good......Page 167
  Ethical Dilemma Data Mining Emotions......Page 168
  Case Incident 1 Crybabies......Page 169
  Case Incident 2 Tall Poppy Syndrome......Page 170
 5 Personality and Values......Page 175
   What Is Personality? ......Page 178
   Career OBjectives How do I ace the personality test?......Page 179
  Personality Frameworks ......Page 180
   The Big Five Personality Model ......Page 181
   The Dark Triad ......Page 185
   Core Self-Evaluations (CSEs)......Page 187
   Self-Monitoring......Page 188
   Proactive Personality ......Page 189
   Situation Strength Theory ......Page 190
   Trait Activation Theory ......Page 191
   The Importance and Organization of Values ......Page 192
   Generational Values ......Page 193
  Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace ......Page 194
   Person–Organization Fit......Page 195
   Other Dimensions of Fit ......Page 196
   Hofstede’s Framework ......Page 197
   The GLOBE Framework......Page 199
  Implications for Managers ......Page 200
  Point/Counterpoint Millennials Are More Narcissistic Than Their Parents......Page 201
  Experiential Exercise Your Best Self......Page 202
  Case Incident 1 on the Costs of Being Nice......Page 203
  Case Incident 2 The Power of Quiet......Page 204
 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making......Page 209
   Factors That Influence Perception ......Page 212
  Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others ......Page 213
   Attribution Theory ......Page 214
   Common Shortcuts in Judging Others ......Page 216
   Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations ......Page 218
  The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making ......Page 219
   The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition ......Page 220
   Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making ......Page 222
   Individual Differences ......Page 226
   Organizational Constraints ......Page 228
   Three Ethical Decision Criteria ......Page 229
   Lying ......Page 231
   Creative Behavior ......Page 232
   Causes of Creative Behavior ......Page 234
   Personal Inventory Assessments How Creative Are You?......Page 235
   Creative Outcomes (Innovation)......Page 236
  Implications for Managers ......Page 237
  Point/Counterpoint Stereotypes Are Dying......Page 238
  Ethical Dilemma Max’s Burger: The Dollar Value of Ethics......Page 239
  Case Incident 1 Too Much of a Good Thing......Page 240
  Case Incident 2 The Youngest Billionaire......Page 241
 7 Motivation Concepts......Page 247
  Motivation and Early Theories ......Page 250
   Hierarchy of Needs Theory ......Page 251
   Two-Factor Theory......Page 252
   McClelland’s Theory of Needs......Page 253
  Contemporary Theories of Motivation ......Page 255
   Self-Determination Theory......Page 256
   Goal-Setting Theory......Page 257
  Other Contemporary Theories of Motivation ......Page 260
   Self-Efficacy Theory......Page 261
   Reinforcement Theory ......Page 262
   An Ethical Choice Motivated by Big Brother......Page 263
   Equity Theory/Organizational Justice......Page 265
   Expectancy Theory ......Page 270
   Personal Inventory Assessments Work Motivation Indicator......Page 271
  Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation ......Page 272
  Implications for Managers ......Page 274
  Point/Counterpoint Goals Get You to Where You Want to Be......Page 275
  Ethical Dilemma The New GPA......Page 276
  Case Incident 1 The Demotivation of CEO Pay......Page 277
  Case Incident 2 The Sleepiness Epidemic......Page 278
 8 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications......Page 283
   The Job Characteristics Model ......Page 286
   Job Rotation ......Page 288
   Relational Job Design ......Page 289
   Flextime ......Page 291
   Job Sharing ......Page 293
   Telecommuting ......Page 294
   Career OBjectives How can I get flextime?......Page 295
   Examples of Employee Involvement Programs ......Page 297
   What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure ......Page 299
   How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees through Variable-Pay Programs......Page 300
   An Ethical Choice Sweatshops and Worker Safety......Page 304
   Flexible Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package ......Page 305
   Employee Recognition Programs ......Page 306
  Implications for Managers ......Page 307
  Point/Counterpoint “Face-Time” Matters......Page 308
  Ethical Dilemma Inmates for Hire......Page 309
  Case Incident 2 Pay Raises Every Day......Page 310
 9 Foundations of Group Behavior......Page 315
   Social Identity ......Page 318
  Stages of Group Development ......Page 320
  Group Property 1: Roles ......Page 321
   Role Expectations ......Page 322
   Role Play and Assimilation ......Page 323
   Myth or Science? Gossip and Exclusion Are Toxic for Groups......Page 324
   Norms and Conformity ......Page 325
   An Ethical Choice Using Peer Pressure as an Influence Tactic......Page 326
   Norms and Behavior ......Page 327
   Negative Norms and Group Outcomes ......Page 328
   Group Property 3: Status ......Page 330
   Group Property 4: Size and Dynamics ......Page 332
   Group Property 6: Diversity ......Page 334
   Personal Inventory Assessments Communicating Supportively......Page 335
   Groups versus the Individual......Page 336
   Groupthink and Groupshift ......Page 337
   Career OBjectives Can I fudge the numbers and not take the blame?......Page 338
   Group Decision-Making Techniques......Page 339
  Summary ......Page 340
  Implications for Managers ......Page 341
  Point/Counterpoint People Are More Creative When They Work Alone......Page 342
  Experiential Exercise Surviving the Wild: Join a Group or Go It Alone?......Page 343
  Ethical Dilemma It’s Obvious, They’re Chinese.......Page 344
  Case Incident 1 The Calamities of Consensus......Page 345
  Case Incident 2 Intragroup Trust and Survival......Page 346
 10 Understanding Work Teams......Page 351
  Differences Between Groups and Teams ......Page 354
  Types of Teams ......Page 355
   Self-Managed Work Teams......Page 356
   Cross-Functional Teams......Page 357
   Multiteam Systems ......Page 358
   An Ethical Choice The Size of Your Meeting’s Carbon Footprint......Page 359
  Creating Effective Teams ......Page 360
   Team Context: What Factors Determine Whether Teams Are Successful? ......Page 361
   Team Composition ......Page 362
   Myth or Science? Team Members Who Are “Hot” Should Make the Play......Page 363
   Career OBjectives Is it wrong that I’d rather have guys on my team?......Page 366
   Team Processes ......Page 367
   Rewarding: Providing Incentives to Be a Good Team Player ......Page 371
  Beware! Teams Aren’t Always the Answer ......Page 372
  Implications for Managers ......Page 373
  Point/Counterpoint To Get the Most Out of Teams, Empower Them......Page 374
  Ethical Dilemma The Sum of the Team Is Less Than Its Members......Page 375
  Case Incident 2 Smart Teams and Dumb Teams......Page 377
 11 Communication......Page 383
  Functions of Communication ......Page 386
   Upward Communication ......Page 388
   Formal Small-Group Networks......Page 389
   The Grapevine ......Page 390
   Oral Communication ......Page 391
   Career OBjectives Isn’t this disability too much to accommodate?......Page 394
   Written Communication ......Page 395
   Myth or Science? Today, Writing Skills Are More Important Than Speaking Skills......Page 398
   Nonverbal Communication ......Page 399
   Channel Richness ......Page 400
   Choosing Communication Methods ......Page 401
   Information Security ......Page 403
  Persuasive Communication ......Page 404
   Automatic and Controlled Processing ......Page 405
   Selective Perception ......Page 406
   Language ......Page 407
   Communication Apprehension ......Page 408
   Cultural Barriers ......Page 409
   Cultural Context ......Page 410
   A Cultural Guide ......Page 411
  Implications for Managers ......Page 412
  Point/Counterpoint We Should Use Employees’ Social Media Presence......Page 413
  Experiential Exercise An Absence of Nonverbal Communication......Page 414
  Ethical Dilemma BYOD......Page 415
  Case Incident 2 An Underwater Meeting......Page 416
 12 Leadership......Page 421
  Trait Theories ......Page 424
  Behavioral Theories ......Page 426
   Summary of Trait Theories and Behavioral Theories ......Page 427
   The Fiedler Model ......Page 428
   Situational Leadership Theory ......Page 429
   Leader–Participation Model......Page 430
   Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory......Page 431
   Charismatic Leadership ......Page 432
   Transactional and Transformational Leadership ......Page 435
   Myth or Science? Top Leaders Feel the Most Stress......Page 437
   Authentic Leadership ......Page 440
   Ethical Leadership ......Page 441
   An Ethical Choice Holding Leaders Ethically Accountable......Page 442
   Trust ......Page 443
   Mentoring ......Page 446
   Leadership as an Attribution ......Page 447
   Substitutes for and Neutralizers of Leadership ......Page 448
   Selecting Leaders ......Page 449
   Training Leaders ......Page 450
  Implications for Managers ......Page 451
  Point/Counterpoint CEOs Start Early......Page 452
  Ethical Dilemma Smoking Success......Page 453
  Case Incident 1 My Holiday the Virgin Way......Page 454
  Case Incident 2 Leadership Traits......Page 455
 13 Power and Politics......Page 461
  Power and Leadership ......Page 464
   Personal Power ......Page 465
   Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? ......Page 466
   What Creates Dependence? ......Page 467
   Social Network Analysis: A Tool for Assessing Resources......Page 468
  Power Tactics ......Page 469
   Using Power Tactics ......Page 470
  How Power Affects People ......Page 471
   Power Variables ......Page 472
   Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace ......Page 473
   Definition of Organizational Politics ......Page 474
   The Reality of Politics ......Page 475
   Factors Contributing to Political Behavior ......Page 476
   Career OBjectives Should I become political?......Page 478
   How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics? ......Page 480
   Impression Management ......Page 481
   An Ethical Choice How Much Should You Manage Interviewer Impressions?......Page 484
   The Ethics of Behaving Politically ......Page 485
   Mapping Your Political Career ......Page 486
  Summary ......Page 487
  Implications for Managers ......Page 488
  Point/Counterpoint Everyone Wants Power......Page 489
  Ethical Dilemma How Much Should You Defer to Those in Power?......Page 490
  Case Incident 1 Reshaping the Dubai Model......Page 491
  Case Incident 2 Barry’s Peer Becomes His Boss......Page 492
 14 Conflict and Negotiation......Page 497
   Types of Conflict ......Page 500
   Loci of Conflict ......Page 502
   Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility ......Page 503
   Stage III: Intentions......Page 505
   Stage IV: Behavior......Page 507
   Stage V: Outcomes ......Page 508
  Negotiation ......Page 510
   Bargaining Strategies ......Page 511
  The Negotiation Process ......Page 514
  Individual Differences in Negotiation Effectiveness ......Page 516
   Career OBjectives How can I get a better job?......Page 517
   An Ethical Choice Using Empathy to Negotiate More Ethically......Page 518
  Negotiating in a Social Context ......Page 521
   Third-Party Negotiations......Page 522
  Personal Inventory Assessments Strategies for Handling Conflict......Page 523
  Point/Counterpoint Pro Sports Strikes Are Caused by Greedy Owners......Page 524
  Experiential Exercise A Negotiation Role-Play......Page 525
  Case Incident 1 Disorderly Conduct......Page 526
  Case Incident 2 Is More Cash Worth the Clash?......Page 527
 15 Foundations of Organization Structure......Page 531
   Work Specialization ......Page 534
   Departmentalization ......Page 536
   Chain of Command ......Page 537
   Span of Control ......Page 538
   Centralization and Decentralization ......Page 539
   Boundary Spanning ......Page 540
   The Simple Structure ......Page 541
   The Bureaucracy ......Page 542
   The Matrix Structure ......Page 544
   The Virtual Structure ......Page 545
   The Team Structure ......Page 546
   Career OBjectives What structure should I choose?......Page 547
   Personal Inventory Assessments Organizational Structure Assessment......Page 548
  The Leaner Organization: Downsizing ......Page 549
   Organizational Strategies ......Page 550
   Organization Size ......Page 552
   Environment ......Page 553
  Organizational Designs and Employee Behavior ......Page 554
   Myth or Science? Employees Can Work Just as Well from Home......Page 555
  Implications for Managers ......Page 557
  Point/Counterpoint The End of Management......Page 558
  Experiential Exercise The Sandwich Shop......Page 559
  Case Incident 1 Kuuki: Reading the Atmosphere......Page 560
  Case Incident 2 Boeing Dreamliner: Engineering Nightmare or OrganizationalDisaster?......Page 561
 16 Organizational Culture......Page 565
   Culture Is a Descriptive Term ......Page 568
   Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? ......Page 569
   Strong versus Weak Cultures......Page 570
   Culture Creates Climate ......Page 571
   The Ethical Dimension of Culture ......Page 572
   Culture and Sustainability ......Page 573
   Culture and Innovation ......Page 574
   Culture as an Asset ......Page 575
   Culture as a Liability ......Page 576
   Keeping a Culture Alive ......Page 578
   Rituals ......Page 582
   Symbols ......Page 583
   Language ......Page 584
   A Positive Culture ......Page 585
   A Spiritual Culture ......Page 588
  The Global Context ......Page 590
  Personal Inventory Assessments Comfort with Change Scale......Page 592
  Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive Organizational Culture......Page 593
  Experiential Exercise Greeting Newcomers......Page 594
  Ethical Dilemma Culture of Deceit......Page 595
  Case Incident 1 The Place Makes the People......Page 596
  Case Incident 2 Active Cultures......Page 597
 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices......Page 601
   How the Selection Process Works ......Page 604
   Initial Selection ......Page 605
   Written Tests ......Page 607
   Performance-Simulation Tests......Page 609
   Interviews ......Page 610
   Types of Training ......Page 612
   Training Methods ......Page 615
   What Is Performance? ......Page 616
   What Do We Evaluate? ......Page 617
   Who Should Do the Evaluating? ......Page 618
   Methods of Performance Evaluation ......Page 619
   Improving Performance Evaluations ......Page 620
   Providing Performance Feedback ......Page 622
   Career OBjectives How do I fire someone?......Page 623
  The Leadership Role of HR......Page 624
   Communicating HR Practices......Page 625
   Drafting and Enforcing Employment Policies ......Page 626
   An Ethical Choice HIV/AIDS and the Multinational organization......Page 627
   Myth or Science? The 24-Hour Workplace Is Harmful......Page 628
   Mediations, Terminations, and Layoffs ......Page 629
  Implications for Managers ......Page 631
  Personal Inventory Assessments Positive Practices Survey......Page 632
  Point/Counterpoint Employers Should Check Applicant Criminal Backgrounds......Page 633
  Experiential Exercise Designing an Effective Structured Job Interview......Page 634
  Ethical Dilemma Are On-Demand Workers Really Employees?......Page 635
  Case Incident 2 Indentured Doctors......Page 636
 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management......Page 643
   Forces for Change ......Page 646
   Planned Change ......Page 647
  Resistance to Change ......Page 648
   Overcoming Resistance to Change ......Page 650
   Lewin’s Three-Step Model......Page 652
   Kotter’s Eight-Step Plan......Page 653
   Organizational Development ......Page 654
  Creating a Culture for Change ......Page 657
   Stimulating a Culture of Innovation ......Page 658
   Creating a Learning Organization ......Page 660
   Organizational Change and Stress ......Page 661
   What Is Stress? ......Page 662
   Potential Sources of Stress at Work ......Page 664
   Career OBjectives How can I bring my team’s overall stress level down?......Page 666
   Individual Differences ......Page 667
   Cultural Differences ......Page 668
  Consequences of Stress at Work ......Page 669
   Myth or Science? When You’re Working Hard, Sleep Is Optional......Page 670
   Individual Approaches ......Page 671
   Organizational Approaches ......Page 672
   An Ethical Choice Manager and Employee Stress During Organizational Change......Page 673
  Personal Inventory Assessments Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale......Page 675
  Point/Counterpoint Companies Should Encourage Stress Reduction......Page 676
  Experiential Exercise Mindfulness at Work......Page 677
  Ethical Dilemma All Present and Accounted For......Page 678
  Case Incident 1 Atos: Zero Email Program......Page 679
  Case Incident 2 When Companies Fail to Change......Page 680
Appendix Research in Organizational Behavior......Page 685
Comprehensive Cases......Page 692
Glossary......Page 706
Name Index......Page 716
Organization Index......Page 724
Subject Index......Page 728