Organic Structure Determination Using 2-D NMR Spectroscopy. A Problem-Based Approach

Organic Structure Determination Using 2-D NMR Spectroscopy: A Problem-Based Approach......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Dedicated to......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Preface to the First Edition......Page 6
1.1 What Is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance?......Page 8
1.2 Consequences of Nuclear Spin......Page 9
1.3 Application of a Magnetic Field to a Nuclear Spin......Page 11
1.4 Application of a Magnetic Field to an Ensemble of Nuclear Spins......Page 14
1.5 Tipping the Net Magnetization Vector from Equilibrium......Page 19
1.6 Signal Detection......Page 20
1.8 The 1-D NMR Spectrum......Page 21
1.9 The 2-D NMR Spectrum......Page 23
1.10 Information Content Available Using NMR Spectroscopy......Page 25
Problems for Chapter One......Page 26
2.1 Sample Preparation......Page 29
2.1.3 Solvent Selection......Page 30
2.1.4 Cleaning NMR Tubes Prior to Use or Reuse......Page 31
2.1.6 Sample Mixing......Page 32
2.2 Locking......Page 38
2.3 Shimming......Page 39
2.4 Temperature Regulation......Page 40
2.5 Modern NMR Instrument Architecture......Page 41
2.5.4 RF Filtering......Page 44
2.6 Pulse Calibration......Page 46
2.7 Sample Excitation and the Rotating Frame of Reference......Page 48
2.8 Pulse Rolloff......Page 49
2.9 Probe Variations......Page 54
2.9.1 Small-Volume NMR Probes......Page 55
2.10 Analog Signal Detection......Page 59
2.11 Signal Digitization......Page 60
References......Page 64
3.1 Setting the Spectral Window......Page 65
3.2 Determining the Optimal Wait \0䐀攀氀愀礀 Between Scans......Page 68
3.3 Setting the Acquisition Time......Page 71
3.4 How Many Points to Acquire in a 1-D Spectrum......Page 72
3.5 Zero Filling and Digital Resolution......Page 73
3.6 Setting the Number of Points to Acquire in a 2-D Spectrum......Page 75
3.7 Truncation Error and Apodization......Page 77
3.8 The Relationship Between T2 * and Observed Line Width\r......Page 79
3.10 Forward Linear Prediction......Page 81
3.11 Pulse Ringdown and Backward Linear Prediction31......Page 83
3.12 Phase Correction......Page 84
3.13 Baseline Correction39......Page 87
3.14 Integration......Page 89
3.15 Measurement of Chemical Shifts and J-Couplings......Page 93
3.16 Data Representation......Page 98
Problems for Chapter Three......Page 106
4.1 The Nature of the Chemical Shift......Page 107
4.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons......Page 110
4.4 Olefinic Hydrocarbons......Page 112
4.5 Acetylenic Hydrocarbons......Page 113
4.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 114
4.7 Heteroatom Effects......Page 116
Problems for Chapter Four......Page 117
Reference......Page 118
5 Symmetry and Topicity\r......Page 119
5.1 Homotopicity......Page 121
5.2 Enantiotopicity......Page 122
5.3 Diastereotopicity......Page 123
Problems for Chapter Five......Page 126
Reference......Page 127
6.1 Origin of J-Coupling......Page 129
6.2 Skewing of the Intensity of Multiplets......Page 133
6.3 Prediction of First-Order Multiplets......Page 136
6.4 The Karplus Relationship for Spins Separated by Three Bonds......Page 142
6.5 The Karplus Relationship for Spins Separated by Two Bonds......Page 144
6.7 Decoupling Methods......Page 147
6.8 One-Dimensional Experiments Utilizing J-Couplings......Page 150
6.9 Two-Dimensional Experiments Utilizing J-Couplings......Page 153
6.9.1.1.2 Absolute-value COSY, Including gCOSY......Page 155
6.9.1.3 INADEQUATE......Page 159
6.9.2.1 HMQC and HSQC......Page 160
6.9.2.2 HMBC......Page 168
Problems for Chapter Six......Page 172
References......Page 173
7.1 The Dipolar Relaxation Pathway......Page 174
7.2 The Energetics of an Isolated Heteronuclear Two-Spin System......Page 175
7.3 The Spectral Density Function......Page 177
7.5 Rapid Relaxation via the Double Quantum Pathway......Page 179
7.6 A One-Dimensional Experiment Utilizing the NOE......Page 182
7.7.2 ROESY......Page 186
Problems for Chapter Seven......Page 188
Reference......Page 189
8 Molecular Dynamics\r......Page 190
8.1 Relaxation......Page 191
8.2 Rapid Chemical Exchange......Page 195
8.3 Slow Chemical Exchange......Page 196
8.4 Intermediate Chemical Exchange......Page 198
8.5 Two-Dimensional Experiments that Show Exchange......Page 200
Problems for Chapter Eight......Page 201
Reference......Page 202
9 Strategies for Assigning Resonances to Atoms within a \rMolecule......Page 203
9.1 Prediction of Chemical Shifts......Page 204
9.3 Prediction of 1H Multiplets......Page 205
9.4 Good Bookkeeping Practices......Page 206
9.5 Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of Chemical Shifts......Page 207
9.6 Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of Multiplicities......Page 208
9.7 Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of the gCOSY Spectrum......Page 211
9.8 The Best Way to Read a gCOSY Spectrum......Page 214
9.9 Assigning 13C Resonances on the Basis of Chemical Shifts......Page 215
9.10 Pairing 1H and 13C Shifts by Using the HSQC/HMQC Spectrum......Page 217
9.11 Assignment of Nonprotonated 13C\'s on the Basis of the HMBC Spectrum......Page 221
10 Strategies for Elucidating Unknown Molecular Structures\r......Page 226
10.1 Initial Inspection of the One-Dimensional Spectra......Page 227
10.2 Good Accounting Practices......Page 230
10.4 Completion of Assignments......Page 233
Problem 11.1 2-Acetylbutyrolactone in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀㘀......Page 240
Problem 11.2 α-Terpinene in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀㠀......Page 243
Problem 11.10 Sucrose in D2O \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀㄀......Page 286
Problem 12.5 \0ⴀ-Epicatechin in Acetone-d6 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㔀㔀......Page 313
Problem 13.1 Unknown 13.1 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀　......Page 343
Problem 13.2 Unknown 13.2 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㐀㄀......Page 348
Problem 13.3 Unknown 13.3 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀㈀......Page 353
Problem 13.4 Unknown 13.4 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㈀㐀......Page 355
Problem 13.5 Unknown 13.5 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㌀㐀......Page 359
Problem 13.6 Unknown 13.6 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㌀㘀......Page 363
Problem 13.7 Unknown 13.7 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㔀　......Page 365
Problem 13.8 Unknown 13.8 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㌀......Page 370
Problem 13.9 Unknown 13.9 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㈀......Page 374
Problem 13.10 Unknown 13.10 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㐀......Page 376
Problem 14.1 Unknown 14.1 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㌀㈀......Page 382
Problem 14.2 Unknown 14.2 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㌀㌀......Page 387
Problem 14.3 Unknown 14.3 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㔀㄀......Page 392
Problem 14.4 Unknown 14.4 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㜀㐀......Page 397
Problem 14.5 Unknown 14.5 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㜀㔀......Page 401
Problem 14.6 Unknown 14.6 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀　......Page 406
Problem 14.7 Unknown 14.7 in Acetone-d6 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㘀......Page 411
Problem 14.8 Unknown 14.8 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㜀......Page 415
Problem 14.9 Unknown 14.9 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㠀㠀......Page 420
Problem 14.10 Unknown 14.10 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㜀㈀......Page 425
Problem 15.1 α-Cubebene in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㤀㔀......Page 429
Problem 16.1 Unknown 16.1 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㄀㄀㔀......Page 481
Problem 16.2 Unknown 16.2 in DMSO-d6 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㄀㄀㄀......Page 485
Problem 16.3 Unknown 16.3 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㤀㐀......Page 492
Problem 16.4 Unknown 16.4 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㄀　㐀......Page 497
Problem 16.5 Unknown 16.5 in DMSO-d6 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㄀　㈀......Page 501
Problem 16.6 Unknown 16.6 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㤀㜀......Page 506
Problem 16.7 Unknown 16.7 in CD3OD \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 㤀㠀......Page 510
Problem 16.10 Unknown 16.10 in CDCl3 \0匀愀洀瀀氀攀 ㄀　㄀......Page 522
Glossary of Terms......Page 527
A......Page 556
C......Page 557
D......Page 559
E......Page 560
G......Page 561
H......Page 563
J......Page 564
M......Page 565
N......Page 566
O......Page 567
P......Page 568
R......Page 569
S......Page 570
T......Page 571
V......Page 572
Z......Page 573