Organic, Physical, and Materials Photochemistry

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents of Previous Volumes......Page 12
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 16
  A. Simple Halophenols......Page 17
  B. Diflusinal Photochemistry......Page 20
  A. orlho-Hydroxyaromatic Oximes and !mines......Page 21
  B. Photoisomerization of 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile......Page 23
  C. · Alkenyl Phenols and Naphthols......Page 24
  A. Photocyclization of Hydroxychalcones......Page 27
  B. Photosolvolytic Rearrangement of p-Hydroxyphenacyl Esters......Page 29
  A. Photocyclization of Allylphenols and Allylnaphthols......Page 30
  B. Photocyclization of Cinnamylphenols and Cinnamylnaphthols......Page 33
  A. Chromenes and Hydroxyaromatics with Labile Benzylic Substituents......Page 35
  B. Hydroxybenzyl Alcohols......Page 38
  C. Biaryl Systems......Page 40
 VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 43
 REFERENCES......Page 44
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 48
 II. DESCRIPTION OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL TRENDS......Page 49
  A. Paterno-Buchi Reactions......Page 50
  B. Enone-Ene Photocycloadditions......Page 70
  C. Ene-Ene Photocycloadditions......Page 84
  A. Yang Cyclization......Page 87
  B. 1,3-, 1,5-, and 1,6-Photocyclizations......Page 93
 V. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS......Page 106
 REFERENCES......Page 108
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 116
  A. Light-Induced Cyclodimerizations of a-Cyanoenamines......Page 118
  B. Oxetane Formation......Page 123
  C. [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions to the Hetero Ring of lndoles and Benzo[b]thiophenes......Page 125
  D. [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions to Coumarins and Thiocoumarins......Page 127
  E. [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions to Acenaphthylene......Page 131
  F. [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions to Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes......Page 132
  B. Acylnaphthalenes and Naphthoic Acid Esters......Page 140
  C. Acyl Quinolines......Page 152
  D. Anthracenes and Benzanthracenes......Page 153
 IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 156
 REFERENCES......Page 157
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
  A. Electro- and Photoactive Fulleropyrrolidines via Azomethine Yllde Cycloaddition......Page 165
  B. Electroactive Donor-Acceptor Systems......Page 168
  C. Photoactive Donor-Acceptor Systems......Page 170
  A. Pristine Fullerene......Page 175
  B. Fulleropyrrolidines......Page 177
  C. Fulleropyrrolidinium Salts......Page 183
  D. Donor-Acceptor Dyads......Page 193
  REFERENCES......Page 206
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 212
  A. Instrumental Aspects......Page 214
  B. Scope of Review......Page 215
  A. Triplet Mechanism......Page 216
  B. Radical Pair Mechanism......Page 219
  C. Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs......Page 221
  D. Radical-Triplet Pair Mechanism......Page 224
  E. Reversed Triplet Mechanism......Page 225
  F. An Overview of Spin Polarization Contributions......Page 226
  A. Photoionization......Page 228
  B. Excited-State Electron Transfer......Page 238
  C. Photochemistry of Transition Metal Complexes......Page 249
 IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 257
 REFERENCES......Page 258
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 264
 II. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF NITRENIUM IONS......Page 265
 Ill. CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF NITRENIUM IONS: GENERAL TRENDS......Page 267
 IV. PHOTOCHEMICAL GENERATION OF NITRENIUM IONS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 270
  A. Photoisomerization of Anthranilium Ions......Page 271
  B. Photofragmentation of N-Aminopyridlnium Ions......Page 277
  C. Photoheterolysis of Hydroxylamine Esters and N-Chloroamines......Page 281
  D. Nitrenium Ions Through Addition Reactions: Protonation of Nitrenes Generated from Azide Photolysis......Page 282
 VI. SPECTROSCOPIC AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF NITRENIUM IONS......Page 285
 VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 295
 REFERENCES......Page 296
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 300
  A. DNA......Page 302
  B. Metal Nanoparticles......Page 304
  A. Metals......Page 306
  B. Semiconductors......Page 308
  A. Metals......Page 310
  B. Semiconductors......Page 312
  A. Overall Strategies......Page 314
  B. Covalent Attachment Procedures......Page 318
 VI. RELATED BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES: NEW BIODETECTION SCHEMES AND NEW ROUTES TO BIOMATERIALS......Page 319
 VII. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK......Page 320
 REFERENCES......Page 321
 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 326
  A. Luminescence Quenching......Page 328
  B. Oxygen Quenching in Polymers......Page 330
  A. Diffusivity and Permeability......Page 331
  B. Mechanism of Gas Diffusion and Permeability......Page 332
 Ill. OXYGEN DIFFUSION AND LUMINESCENCE QUENCHING......Page 334
  A. Quenching and Oxygen Permeability......Page 335
  B. Quenching and Fickian Diffusion......Page 336
  A. Response and Recovery......Page 340
  B. Fluorescence Decay Profiles in the Absence of Quencher......Page 341
  C. Response to Oxygen Concentration......Page 347
  D. Pressure-Sensitive Paint......Page 348
  E. Temperature Effects......Page 354
  F. Additives, Plasticizers, and Copenetrants......Page 359
 V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 362
 REFERENCES......Page 363
Index......Page 368