Organic nonlinear optical materials

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Title Page
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Table of Contents
Introduction to the Series
1. Introduction
2. Organic Electro-Optic Compounds
	2.1 Basic Molecular Units for Electro-Optic Response
	2.2 Structure of Molecules for Electro-Optics and Nonlinear Optics
		2.2.1 Effect of Substituents of the Molecules on the Second-Order Polarizability
		2.2.2 Effect of Conjugation Length of the Molecules on the Second-Order Polarizability
		2.2.3 Effect of Planarity of the Molecules on the Second-Order Polarizability
	2.3 Basic Molecular Units for Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects
		2.3.1 Effect of Structural Order on the Third-Order Polarizability
3. Nonlinear Optics and Electro-Optics
	3.1 Molecular Second-Order Polarizabilities
		3.1.1 Wavelength Dependence of the Second-Order Polarizabilities
	3.2 Macroscopic Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects
		3.2.1 Phase-Matching
	3.3 Linear Electro-Optic Effects
		3.3.1 Phase-Matching
	3.4 Relation Between Microscopic and Macroscopic Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
	3.5 Dispersion of the Electro-Optic Coefficients and its Figure of Merit
	3.6 Contribution of Acoustic and Optic Phonons to the Linear Electro-Optic Effect
	3.7 Limits of the Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Response in Molecular Crystals
		3.7.1 Maximum Second-Order Polarizabilities
		3.7.2 Limitations Due to Crystal Structure
		3.7.3 Maximum Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
	3.8 Resonance Effects in Crystals
		3.8.1 Electronic Dispersion
		3.8.2 Other Dispersion Effects
4. Crystal Growth of Organic Materials
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Reviews on the Fundamentals and the General Methods of Crystal Growth
		4.1.2 Reviews on the Design, the Purification, the Growth and the Characterization of Organic Crystals
		4.1.3 Special Topics
	4.2 Growth Techniques for Organic Crystals
		4.2.1 Solution Growth (SG)
			4.2.1.1 Temperature Difference Technique (TD): Transport of Dissolved Feed Material by a Thermally Induced Convection of the Nutrient
			4.2.1.2 Temperature Lowering Technique (TL)
			4.2.1.3 Isothermal Evaporation (IE) with After-Saturation
		4.2.2 Examples of Recently Solution Grown Materials
		4.2.3 Gel Growth (GG) of Organics
		4.2.4 Melt Growth (MG)
			4.2.4.1 Examples of Recently Grown Materials
			4.2.4.2 Growth from Supercooled Melt (SCMG)
		4.2.5 Vapor Growth (VG)
	4.3 Growth of Organic 2-D and 1-D Optical Waveguides
		4.3.1 Melt and Solution Growth of 2-D Crystal Platelets
		4.3.2 Thin Layer Growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
		4.3.3 Growth of Crystal Cored Organic Fibers
	4.4 Growth of Photorefractive (Doped) Organic Crystals
		4.4.1 Growth Techniques for Homogeneous Solid Solutions
		4.4.2 A First Example of an Organic Photorefractive Crystal
	4.5 Concluding Remarks on the Crystal Growth of Organic Materials
5. Langmuir-Blodgett Films
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Preparation of Different Types of Multilayers
	5.3 Monolayers on the Water Surface
		5.3.1 Basic Thermodynamic Characterization
		5.3.2 Head/Chain Compatibility
		5.3.3 Short Range Translational and Long Range Orientional Order
		5.3.4 Reduction of Disclination Densities
		5.3.5 Increasing the Range of Orientational Order
		5.3.6 Summary and Outlook
6. Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Polymers
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polymers
		6.2.1 Material Aspects
		6.2.2 Poling Process
			6.2.2.1 Theoretical Aspects
			6.2.2.2 Experimental Aspects
		6.2.3 Second-Harmonic Generation as a Probe of Poled Polymer Systems
		6.2.4 Electro-Optic Devices
7. Experimental Methods
	7.1 Optical Experiments
		7.1.1 Absorption
		7.1.2 Refractive Indices
			7.1.2.1 Minimum Deviation Method
			7.1.2.2 Becke Line Method
			7.1.2.3 Interferometric Set-Up after Jamin-Lebedeff
			7.1.2.4 Birefringence Measurements
			7.1.2.5 Interferometric Refractive Index Measurements
			7.1.2.6 Conoscopic Measurements
			7.1.2.7 Dispersion Relation for Refractive Indices
	7.2 Determination of Molecular Nonlinear Optical Properties
		7.2.1 General Remarks
		7.2.2 Nonlinear Optics in Solution: Electric Field-Induced Second-Harmonic Generation (EFISH)
		7.2.3 Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering in Solution
	7.3 Determination of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Molecular Crystals
		7.3.1 General Remarks
		7.3.2 Maker-Fringe Method
		7.3.3 Maker-fringe Method for Thin Polymeric Films
	7.4 Electro-Optics on Molecular Crystals
		7.4.1 Interferometric Measurement of the Electro-Optic Coefficients
		7.4.2 Field-Induced Birefringence with Crossed Polarizers
		7.4.3 Contribution of Acoustic Phonons to the Electro-Optic Coefficients
8. Nonlinear Optical and Electro-Optic Properties of Organic Compounds
	8.1 Overview on Presently Known Nonlinear Optical Molecules
	8.2 Overview on Presently Known Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Crystals
	8.3 Overview on Presently Known Nonlinear Optical and Electro-Optic LB Films
		8.3.1 Molecules and Polar LB Films
		8.3.2 Waveguiding Properties of LB Films
	8.4 Overview on Presently Known Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Polymer Films
	8.5 Application of Physical Models
		8.5.1 Linear Electronic Polarizabilities and Refractive Indices
		8.5.2 Molecular Second-Order Polarizabilities and Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities
			8.5.2.1 COANP
			8.5.2.2 PNP
			8.5.2.3 MNA
			8.5.2.4 MMONS
		8.5.3 Molecular Second-Order Polarizabilities and Electro-Optic Coefficients
		8.5.4 Comparison of Electro-Optic and Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
9. Electro-Optics and Nonlinear Optics in Waveguides
	9.1 Guided Wave Nonlinear Optics
	9.2 Guided Wave Electro-Optics
10. Photorefractive Effects in Organic Materials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Photorefractive Effect
		10.2.1 Basic Theory: the Transport Equations
		10.2.2 Grating Amplitude
		10.2.3 Response Time
		10.2.4 Beam Coupling
		10.2.5 Photorefractive Sensitivity
	10.3 Charge Transport in Organic Solids
		10.3.1 Charge Transport in Organic Single Crystals
		10.3.2 Charge Transport in Non-Crystalline Polymers
		10.3.3 Charge Trapping
	10.4 Photoconductivity of Organic Materials
		10.4.1 Photoconducting Polymers
		10.4.2 Photoconducting Organic Single Crystals
	10.5 Organic photorefractive Materials
		10.5.1 Photorefractive Polymers
		10.5.2 Photorefractive Single Crystals
		10.5.3 Overview, Comparison with Inorganic Compounds
	10.6 Photorefractive Properties of COANP: TCNQ
	10.7 Photorefractive Properties of MNBA
	10.8 Conclusions
11. References
Appendix: Conversion Between SI and Esu Units
Index