Organic and Biological Chemistry

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Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Ch 1: Saturated Hydrocarbons
	Ch 1: Chapter Outline
	Ch 1: Introduction
	1-1: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
	1-2: Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
	1-3: Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives
	1-4: Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons
	1-5: Structural Formulas
	1-6: Alkane Isomerism
	1-7: Conformations of Alkanes
	1-8: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes
	1-9:  Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes
	1-10: Classification of Carbon Atoms
	1-11: Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups
	1-12: Cycloalkanes
	1-13: IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes
	1-14: Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
	1-15: Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	1-16: Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	1-17: Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	1-18: Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	Ch 1: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 1: Exercises and Problems
Ch 2: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	Ch 2: Chapter Outline
	Ch 2: Introduction
	2-1: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
	2-2: Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
	2-3: Nomenclature for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
	2-4: Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkenes
	2-5: Constitutional Isomerism in Alkenes
	2-6: Isomerism in Alkenes
	2-7: Naturally Occurring Alkenes
	2-8: Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
	2-9: Preparation of Alkenes
	2-10: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes
	2-11: Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers
	2-12: Alkynes
	2-13: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	2-14: Nomenclature for Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	2-15: Properties of and Sources for Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	2-16: Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	Ch 2: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 2: Exercises and Problems
Ch 3: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
	Ch 3: Chapter Outline
	Ch 3: Introduction
	3-1: Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds
	3-2: Structural Characteristics of Alcohols
	3-3: Nomenclature for Alcohols
	3-4: Isomerism for Alcohols
	3-5: Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols
	3-6: Physical Properties of Alcohols
	3-7: Preparation of Alcohols
	3-8: Classification of Alcohols
	3-9: Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
	3-10: Structural Characteristics of Phenols
	3-11: Nomenclature for Phenols
	3-12: Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols
	3-13: Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols
	3-14: Structural Characteristics of Ethers
	3-15: Nomenclature for Ethers
	3-16: Occurrence of and Uses for Ethers
	3-17: Isomerism for Ethers
	3-18: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers
	3-19: Cyclic Ethers
	3-20: Thiols: Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols
	3-21: Thioethers: Sulfur Analogs of Ethers
	Ch 3: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 3: Exercises and Problems
Ch 4: Aldehydes and Ketones
	Ch 4: Chapter Outline
	Ch 4: Introduction
	4-1: The Carbonyl Group
	4-2: Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group
	4-3: The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional Groups
	4-4: Nomenclature for Aldehydes
	4-5: Nomenclature for Ketones
	4-6: Isomerism for Aldehydes and Ketones
	4-7: Selected Common Aldehydes and Ketones
	4-8: Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
	4-9: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
	4-10: Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
	4-11: Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols
	4-12: Sulfur-Containing Carbonyl Groups
	Ch 4: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 4: Exercises and Problems
Ch 5: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives
	Ch 5: Chapter Outline
	Ch 5: Introduction
	5-1: Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
	5-2: IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids
	5-3: Common Names for Carboxylic Acids
	5-4: Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids
	5-5: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
	5-6: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
	5-7: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
	5-8: Carboxylic Acid Salts
	5-9: Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylation Reaction
	5-10: Structure of Esters
	5-11: Preparation of Esters
	5-12: Nomenclature for Esters
	5-13: Selected Common Esters
	5-14: Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	5-15: Physical Properties of Esters
	5-16: Chemical Reactions of Esters
	5-17: Sulfur Analogs of Esters
	5-18: Polyesters
	5-19: Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
	5-20: Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids
	Ch 5: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 5: Exercises and Problems
Ch 6: Amines and Amides
	Ch 6: Chapter Outline
	Ch 6: Introduction
	6-1: Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds
	6-2: Structure and Classification of Amines
	6-3: Nomenclature for Amines
	6-4: Isomerism for Amines
	6-5: Physical Properties of Amines
	6-6: Basicity of Amines
	6-7: Reaction of Amines with Acids
	6-8: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
	6-9: Heterocyclic Amines
	6-10: Selected Biochemically Important Amines
	6-11: Alkaloids
	6-12: Structure and Classification of Amides
	6-13: Nomenclature for Amides
	6-14: Selected Amides and Their Uses
	6-15: Basicity of Amides
	6-16: Physical Properties of Amides
	6-17: Preparation of Amides
	6-16: Hydrolysis of Amides
	6-19: Polyamides and Polyurethanes
	Ch 6: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 6: Exercises and Problems
Ch 7: Carbohydrates
	Ch 7: Chapter Outline
	Ch 7: Introduction
	7-1: Biochemistry—An Overview
	7-2: Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
	7-3: Classification of Carbohydrates
	7-4: Chirality: Handedness in Molecules
	7-5: Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers
	7-6: Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projection Formulas
	7-7: Properties of Enantiomers
	7-8: Classification of Monosaccharides
	7-9: Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
	7-10: Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
	7-11: Haworth Projection Formulas
	7-12: Reactions of Monosaccharides
	7-13: Disaccharides
	7-14: Oligosaccharides
	7-15: General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
	7-16: Storage Polysaccharides
	7-17: Structural Polysaccharides
	7-18: Acidic Polysaccharides
	7-19: Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates
	7-20: Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition
	Ch 7: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 7: Exercises and Problems
Ch 8: Lipids
	Ch 8: Chapter Outline
	Ch 8: Introduction
	8-1: Structure and Classification of Lipids
	8-2: Types of Fatty Acids
	8-3: Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
	8-4: Energy-Storage Lipids: Triacylglycerols
	8-5: Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols
	8-6: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
	8-7: Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids
	8-8: Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids
	8-9: Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol
	8-10: Cell Membranes
	8-11: Emulsification Lipids: Bile Acids
	8-12: Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones
	8-13: Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids
	8-14: Protective-Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes
	8-15: Saponifiable and Nonsaponifiable Lipids
	Ch 8: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 8: Exercises and Problems
Ch 9: Proteins
	Ch 9: Chapter Outline
	Ch 9: Introduction
	9-1: Characteristics of Proteins
	9-2: Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins
	9-3: Essential Amino Acids
	9-4: Chirality and Amino Acids
	9-5: Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
	9-6: Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid
	9-7: Peptides
	9-8: Biochemically Important Small Peptides
	9-9: General Structural Characteristics of Proteins
	9-10: Primary Structure of Proteins
	9-11: Secondary Structure of Proteins
	9-12: Tertiary Structure of Proteins
	9-13: Quaternary Structure of Proteins
	9-14: Protein Hydrolysis
	9-15: Protein Denaturation
	9-16: Protein Classification Based on Shape
	9-17: Protein Classification Based on Function
	9-18: Glycoproteins
	9-19: Lipoproteins
	Ch 9: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 9: Exercises and Problems
Ch 10: Enzymes and Vitamins
	Ch 10: Chapter Outline
	Ch 10: Introduction
	10-1: General Characteristics of Enzymes
	10-2: Enzyme Structure
	10-3: Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
	10-4: Models of Enzyme Action
	10-5: Enzyme Specificity
	10-6: Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
	10-7: Extremozymes
	10-8: Enzyme Inhibition
	10-9: Regulation of Enzyme Activity
	10-10: Prescription Drugs That Inhibit Enzyme Activity
	10-11: Medical Uses of Enzymes
	10-12: General Characteristics of Vitamins
	10-13: Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C
	10-14: Water-Soluble Vitamins: The B Vitamins
	10-15: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
	Ch 10: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 10: Exercises and Problems
Ch 11: Nucleic Acids
	Ch 11: Chapter Outline
	Ch 11: Introduction
	11-1: Types of Nucleic Acids
	11-2: Nucleotides: Structural Building Blocks for Nucleic Acids
	11-3: Nucleotide Formation
	11-4: Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
	11-5: The DNA Double Helix
	11-6: Replication of DNA Molecules
	11-7: Overview of Protein Synthesis
	11-8: Ribonucleic Acids
	11-9: Transcription: RNA Synthesis
	11-10: The Genetic Code
	11-11: Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
	11-12: Translation: Protein Synthesis
	11-13: Mutations
	11-14: Nucleic Acids and Viruses
	11-15: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
	11-16: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
	Ch 11: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 11: Exercises and Problems
Ch 12: Biochemical Energy Production
	Ch 12: Chapter Outline
	Ch 12: Introduction
	12-1: Metabolism
	12-2: Metabolism and Cell Structure
	12-3: Important Nucleotide-Containing Compounds in Metabolic Pathways
	12-4: Important Carboxylate Ions in Metabolic Pathways
	12-5: High-Energy Phosphate Compounds
	12-6: An Overview of Biochemical Energy Production
	12-7: The Citric Acid Cycle
	12-8: The Electron Transport Chain
	12-9: Oxidative Phosphorylation
	12-10: ATP Production for the Common Metabolic Pathway
	12-11: Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
	12-12: B Vitamins and the Common Metabolic Pathway
	Ch 12: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 12: Exercises and Problems
Ch 13: Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Ch 13: Chapter Outline
	Ch 13: Introduction
	13-1: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
	13-2: Glycolysis
	13-3: Fates of Pyruvate
	13-4: ATP Production from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
	13-5: Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
	13-6: Gluconeogenesis
	13-7: Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
	13-8: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
	13-9: Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
	13-10: B Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Ch 13: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 13: Exercises and Problems
Ch 14: Lipid Metabolism
	Ch 14: Chapter Outline
	Ch 14: Introduction
	14-1: Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
	14-2: Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
	14-3: Glycerol Metabolism
	14-4: Oxidation of Fatty Acids
	14-5: ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
	14-6: Ketone Bodies and Ketogenesis
	14-7: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
	14-8: Relationships Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates
	14-9: Fate of Fatty-Acid-Generated Acetyl CoA
	14-10: Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
	14-11: B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism
	Ch 14: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 14: Exercises and Problems
Ch 15: Protein Metabolism
	Ch 15: Chapter Outline
	Ch 15: Introduction
	15-1: Protein Digestion and Absorption
	15-2: Amino Acid Utilization
	15-3: Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
	15-4: The Urea Cycle
	15-5: Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
	15-6: Amino Acid Biosynthesis
	15-7: Hemoglobin Catabolism
	15-8: Proteins and the Element Sulfur
	15-9: Interrelationships Among Metabolic Pathways
	15-10: B Vitamins and Protein Metabolism
	Ch 15: Concepts to Remember
	Ch 15: Exercises and Problems
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index/Glossary
IBC