Organic and Biochemistry for Today

Cover......Page 1
IFC 1......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Statement......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 7
About the Cover......Page 8
Brief Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 18
Half Title......Page 28
Case Study......Page 29
1.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds......Page 30
1.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared......Page 32
1.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism......Page 33
1.4 Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry......Page 36
1.5 Alkane Structures......Page 38
1.6 Conformations of Alkanes......Page 42
1.7 Alkane Nomenclature......Page 44
1.8 Cycloalkanes......Page 50
1.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes......Page 52
1.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes......Page 55
1.11 Alkane Reactions......Page 57
Concept Summary......Page 59
Exercises......Page 60
Case Study......Page 67
Learning Objectives......Page 68
2.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes......Page 69
2.2 The Geometry of Alkenes......Page 72
2.3 Properties of Alkenes......Page 76
2.4 Addition Polymers......Page 81
2.5 Alkynes......Page 84
2.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure......Page 85
2.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives......Page 88
2.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds......Page 92
Concept Summary......Page 94
Exercises......Page 95
Case Study......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
3.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols......Page 103
3.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols......Page 106
3.4 Reactions of Alcohols......Page 108
3.5 Important Alcohols......Page 113
3.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols......Page 117
3.7 Ethers......Page 120
3.8 Properties of Ethers......Page 121
3.9 Thiols......Page 122
3.10 Polyfunctional Compounds......Page 124
Concept Summary......Page 126
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 127
Key Reactions......Page 128
Exercises......Page 129
Case Study......Page 135
Introduction......Page 136
4.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 137
4.2 Physical Properties......Page 140
4.3 Chemical Properties......Page 142
4.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 154
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 157
Key Reactions......Page 158
Exercises......Page 159
Case Study......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
5.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids......Page 167
5.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids......Page 168
5.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids......Page 171
5.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids......Page 173
5.5 Carboxylic Esters......Page 175
5.6 The Nomenclature of Esters......Page 179
5.7 Reactions of Esters......Page 180
5.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids......Page 184
Concept Summary......Page 187
Key Reactions......Page 188
Exercises......Page 189
Case Study......Page 195
Introduction......Page 196
6.2 The Nomenclature of Amines......Page 197
6.3 Physical Properties of Amines......Page 200
6.4 Chemical Properties of Amines......Page 201
6.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters......Page 208
6.6 Other Biologically Important Amines......Page 211
6.7 The Nomenclature of Amides......Page 214
6.8 Physical Properties of Amides......Page 215
6.9 Chemical Properties of Amides......Page 216
Concept Summary......Page 219
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 220
Exercises......Page 221
Case Study......Page 227
Introduction......Page 228
7.1 Classes of Carbohydrates......Page 229
7.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates......Page 230
7.3 Fischer Projections......Page 234
7.4 Monosaccharides......Page 238
7.5 Properties of Monosaccharides......Page 239
7.6 Important Monosaccharides......Page 245
7.7 Disaccharides......Page 246
7.8 Polysaccharides......Page 249
Concept Summary......Page 255
Key Reactions......Page 256
Exercises......Page 257
Case Study......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
8.2 Fatty Acids......Page 263
8.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils......Page 266
8.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils......Page 268
8.6 Phosphoglycerides......Page 271
8.7 Sphingolipids......Page 274
8.8 Biological Membranes......Page 275
8.9 Steroids......Page 277
8.10 Steroid Hormones......Page 281
8.11 Prostaglandins......Page 283
Concept Summary......Page 285
Key Reactions......Page 286
Exercises......Page 287
Case Study......Page 291
9.1 The Amino Acids......Page 292
9.2 Zwitterions......Page 295
9.3 Reactions of Amino Acids......Page 297
9.4 Important Peptides......Page 300
9.5 Characteristics of Proteins......Page 302
9.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins......Page 306
9.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins......Page 307
9.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins......Page 310
9.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins......Page 312
9.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation......Page 314
Concept Summary......Page 316
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 317
Key Reactions......Page 318
Exercises......Page 319
Case Study......Page 323
10.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes......Page 324
10.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification......Page 326
10.3 Enzyme Cofactors......Page 328
10.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action......Page 330
10.5 Enzyme Activity......Page 331
10.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity......Page 332
10.7 Enzyme Inhibition......Page 333
10.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity......Page 339
10.9 Medical Application of Enzymes......Page 342
Concept Summary......Page 344
Key Reactions......Page 345
Exercises......Page 346
Case Study......Page 349
Introduction......Page 350
11.1 Components of Nucleic Acids......Page 351
11.2 The Structure of DNA......Page 353
11.3 DNA Replication......Page 357
11.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)......Page 361
11.5 The Flow of Genetic Information......Page 365
11.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis......Page 366
11.7 The Genetic Code......Page 368
11.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis......Page 371
11.10 Recombinant DNA......Page 374
Concept Summary......Page 379
Exercises......Page 381
Case Study......Page 385
12.1 Nutritional Requirements......Page 386
12.2 The Macronutrients......Page 388
12.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins......Page 391
12.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals......Page 394
12.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere......Page 395
12.6 Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production......Page 398
12.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier......Page 399
12.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway......Page 404
Concept Summary......Page 410
Key Reactions......Page 411
Exercises......Page 412
Case Study......Page 415
13.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates......Page 416
13.3 Glycolysis......Page 417
13.4 The Fates of Pyruvate......Page 421
13.5 The Citric Acid Cycle......Page 423
13.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 426
13.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose......Page 428
13.9 Glycogen Metabolism......Page 430
13.10 Gluconeogenesis......Page 431
13.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 434
Concept Summary......Page 436
Key Reactions......Page 438
Exercises......Page 439
Case Study......Page 443
Introduction......Page 444
14.1 Blood Lipids......Page 445
14.2 Fat Mobilization......Page 448
14.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids......Page 449
14.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids......Page 452
14.6 Ketone Bodies......Page 453
14.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis......Page 455
14.8 Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 456
14.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms......Page 457
14.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton......Page 461
14.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis......Page 464
Concept Summary......Page 466
Key Reactions......Page 467
Exercises......Page 468
Case Study......Page 471
15.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids......Page 472
15.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 473
15.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells......Page 478
15.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance......Page 479
15.6 Acid–Base Balance......Page 481
15.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH......Page 482
15.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH......Page 483
15.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis......Page 484
Concept Summary......Page 487
Exercises......Page 488
Appendix A: The International System of Measurements......Page 492
Appendix B: Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises......Page 494
Appendix C: Solutions to Learning Checks......Page 516
Glossary......Page 524
Index......Page 530
IBC 1......Page 548
IBC 2......Page 549
IBC 3......Page 550
IBC 4......Page 551
IBC 5......Page 552