Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Copyright page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
1 Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region
	◆ Orofacial Clefts
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Commissural Lip Pits
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Paramedian Lip Pits (Congenital Fistulas of the Lower Lip; Congenital Lip Pits)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Double Lip
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Fordyce Granules
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leukoedema
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Microglossia (Hypoglossia)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Macroglossia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lingual Thyroid
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Fissured Tongue (Scrotal Tongue)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hairy Tongue (Black Hairy Tongue; Coated Tongue)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Varicosities (Varices)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Caliber-Persistent Artery
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lateral Soft Palate Fistulas
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Coronoid Hyperplasia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Condylar Hyperplasia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Condylar Hypoplasia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Bifid Condyle
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Exostoses
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Torus Palatinus
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Torus Mandibularis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Eagle Syndrome (Stylohyoid Syndrome; Carotid Artery Syndrome; Stylalgia)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Stafne Defect (Stafne Bone Cyst; Lingual Mandibular Salivary Gland Depression; Latent Bone Cyst; Static Bone Cyst; Static Bone Defect; Lingual Cortical Mandibular Defect)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Developmental Cysts
		◆ Palatal Cysts of the Newborn (Epstein’s Pearls; Bohn’s Nodules)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Nasolabial Cyst (Nasoalveolar Cyst; Klestadt Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ “Globulomaxillary Cyst”
		◆ Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (Incisive Canal Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Median Palatal (Palatine) Cyst
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ “Median Mandibular Cyst”
		◆ Follicular Cysts of the Skin
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Dermoid Cyst (Dysontogenic Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (Thyroglossal Tract Cyst)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Branchial Cleft Cyst (Cervical Lymphoepithelial Cyst)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Oral Lymphoepithelial Cyst
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Other Rare Developmental Anomalies
		◆ Hemihyperplasia (Hemihypertrophy)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy (Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy; Romberg Syndrome; Parry-Romberg Syndrome)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia (Hemimaxillofacial Dysplasia)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Crouzon Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysostosis)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Treacher Collins Syndrome; Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Orofacial Clefts
		Commissural Lip Pits
		Paramedian Lip Pits
		Double Lip
		Fordyce Granules
		Leukoedema
		Microglossia
		Macroglossia
		Ankyloglossia
		Lingual Thyroid
		Fissured Tongue
		Hairy Tongue
		Varicosities
		Caliber-Persistent Artery
		Lateral Soft Palate Fistulas
		Coronoid Hyperplasia
		Condylar Hyperplasia
		Condylar Hypoplasia
		Bifid Condyle
		Exostoses
		Torus Palatinus and Torus Mandibularis
		Eagle Syndrome
		Stafne Defect
		Palatal Cysts of the Newborn
		Nasolabial Cyst
		“Globulomaxillary Cyst”
		Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
		Median Palatal Cyst
		“Median Mandibular Cyst”
		Epidermoid Cyst
		Dermoid Cyst
		Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
		Branchial Cleft Cyst
		Oral Lymphoepithelial Cyst
		Hemihyperplasia
		Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy
		Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia
		Crouzon Syndrome
		Apert Syndrome
		Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
2 Abnormalities of Teeth
	Environmental Alterations of Teeth
		◆ Environmental Effects on Tooth Structure Development
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Turner Hypoplasia
				Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization
				Hypoplasia Caused by Antineoplastic Therapy
				Dental Fluorosis
				Syphilitic Hypoplasia
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Postdevelopmental Loss of Tooth Structure
			Tooth Wear
				Clinical Features
					Attrition
					Abrasion
					Erosion
					Abfraction
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Internal and External Resorption
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Environmental Discoloration of Teeth
			Clinical Features
				Extrinsic Stains
				Intrinsic Stains
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Localized Disturbances in Eruption
			Delayed Eruption
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Impaction
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Ankylosis
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
	Developmental Alterations of Teeth
		◆ Developmental Alterations in the Number of Teeth
			Clinical Features
				Hypodontia
				Hyperdontia
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Developmental Alterations in the Size of Teeth
			Clinical Features
				Microdontia
				Macrodontia
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Developmental Alterations in the Shape of Teeth
			Gemination, Fusion, and Concrescence
				Clinical Features
					Gemination and Fusion
					Concrescence
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Accessory Cusps
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
					Cusp of Carabelli
					Talon Cusp
					Dens Evaginatus
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente)
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Ectopic Enamel
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
					Enamel Pearls
					Cervical Enamel Extensions
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Taurodontism
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Hypercementosis
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Dilaceration
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Supernumerary Roots
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Globodontia
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Lobodontia
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Developmental Alterations in the Structure of Teeth
			Amelogenesis Imperfecta
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
					Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
					Hypomaturation and Hypocalcification Variants of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Hypomineralization Amelogenesis Imperfecta)
					Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Taurodontism (Hypomaturation/Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta)
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Hereditary Disorders of Dentin
			Dentin Sialophosphoprotein–Associated Dentin Defects
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Dentin Dysplasia Type I
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Regional Odontodysplasia (Ghost Teeth)
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		General References
		Environmental Effects on Tooth Structure Development
		Postdevelopmental Loss of Tooth Structure
		Discoloration of Teeth
		Localized Disturbances in Eruption
		Developmental Alterations in Number of Teeth
		Developmental Alterations in Size of Teeth
		Gemination, Fusion, Concrescence
		Accessory Cusps
		Dens Invaginatus
		Ectopic Enamel
		Taurodontism
		Hypercementosis
		Dilaceration
		Supernumerary Roots
		Globodontia
		Lobodontia
		Amelogenesis Imperfecta
		Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
		Dentin Dysplasia Type I
		Regional Odontodysplasia
3 Pulpal and Periapical Disease
	◆ Pulpitis
		Clinical Features
			Clinically Normal Pulp
			Reversible Pulpitis
			Irreversible Pulpitis
			Pulpal Necrosis
			Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Secondary and Tertiary Dentin
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pulpal Calcifications
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Periapical Granuloma (Chronic Apical Periodontitis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Periapical Cyst (Radicular Cyst; Apical Periodontal Cyst)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Periapical Cyst
			Lateral Radicular Cyst
			Residual Periapical Cyst
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Periapical Abscess
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cellulitis
		Clinical Features
			Ludwig Angina
			Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Ludwig Angina
			Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
	◆ Osteomyelitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
			Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis
		Histopathologic Features
			Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
			Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
			Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis
	◆ Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
			Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis
			CRMO and SAPHO Syndrome
			Chronic Tendoperiostitis
		Histopathologic Features
			Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
			Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis, CRMO, and SAPHO Syndrome
			Chronic Tendoperiostitis
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
			Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis, CRMO, and SAPHO Syndrome
			Chronic Tendoperiostitis
	◆ Condensing Osteitis (Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis (Periostitis Ossificans)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket; Fibrinolytic Alveolitis)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		General References
		Pulpitis
		Secondary and Tertiary Dentin
		Pulpal Calcifications
		Periapical Inflammatory Disease (Granuloma; Cyst; Abscess)
		Cellulitis
		Osteomyelitis
		Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
		Condensing Osteitis
		Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis
		Alveolar Osteitis
4 Periodontal Diseases
	◆ Gingivitis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia (Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingivitis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Vincent Infection; Trench Mouth)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Plasma Cell Gingivitis (Atypical Gingivostomatitis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Granulomatous Gingivitis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Desquamative Gingivitis
	◆ Drug-Related Gingival Hyperplasia (Drug-Related Gingival Overgrowth)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Gingival Fibromatosis (Fibromatosis Gingivae; Elephantiasis Gingivae)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Periodontitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Chronic Periodontitis
			Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
			Periodontal Abscess
			Pericoronitis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Periodontitis
			Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
			Periodontal Abscess
			Pericoronitis
	◆ Aggressive Periodontitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
			Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Gingivitis
		Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia
		Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
		Plasma Cell Gingivitis
		Granulomatous Gingivitis
		Desquamative Gingivitis
		Drug-Related Gingival Hyperplasia
		Gingival Fibromatosis
		Periodontitis
		Aggressive Periodontitis
		Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
5 Bacterial Infections
	◆ Impetigo
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Erysipelas
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Streptococcal Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Tonsillar Concretions and Tonsillolithiasis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Diphtheria
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Syphilis (Lues)
		Clinical Features
			Primary Syphilis
			Secondary Syphilis
			Tertiary Syphilis
			Congenital Syphilis
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Gonorrhea
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Tuberculosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Noma (Cancrum Oris; Orofacial Gangrene; Gangrenous Stomatitis; Necrotizing Stomatitis)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Actinomycosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Cat-Scratch Disease
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sinusitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Streptococcal Infections (Impetigo, Erysipelas, Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis, and Scarlet Fever)
		Tonsillar Concretions and Tonsillolithiasis
		Diphtheria
		Syphilis
		Gonorrhea
		Tuberculosis
		Leprosy
		Noma
		Actinomycosis
		Cat-Scratch Disease
		Sinusitis
6 Fungal and Protozoal Diseases
	◆ Candidiasis
		Clinical Features
			Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
			Erythematous Candidiasis
			Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (Candidal Leukoplakia)
			Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Polyene Agents
				Nystatin
				Amphotericin B
			Imidazole Agents
				Clotrimazole
				Ketoconazole
			Triazoles
				Fluconazole
				Itraconazole
				Posaconazole
				Echinocandins
			Other Antifungal Agents
				Iodoquinol
	◆ Histoplasmosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Blastomycosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever; Valley Fever; Cocci)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	◆ Cryptococcosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis; Phycomycosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Aspergillosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Toxoplasmosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leishmaniasis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Candidiasis
		Histoplasmosis
		Blastomycosis
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Cryptococcosis
		Mucormycosis
		Aspergillosis
		Toxoplasmosis
		Leishmaniasis
7 Viral Infections
	◆ Human Herpesviruses
	◆ Herpes Simplex Virus
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Varicella (Chickenpox)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono; Glandular Fever; “Kissing Disease”)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cytomegalovirus
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Enteroviruses
		Clinical Features
			Herpangina
			Hand-Foot-And-Mouth Disease
			Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Measles (Rubeola)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Rubella (German Measles)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
		Clinical Features
		Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions Strongly Associated with HIV Infection
			Candidiasis
			Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
			Kaposi Sarcoma
			Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
			Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
			HIV-Associated Periodontal Disease
		Less Common Oral and Maxillofacial Manifestations of HIV Infection
			Mycobacterial Infection
			Hyperpigmentation
			HIV-Associated Salivary Gland Disease
			Thrombocytopenia
			Herpes Simplex Virus
			Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Human Papillomavirus
		Other Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions Seen in HIV Infection
			Histoplasmosis
			Aphthous Ulcerations
			Molluscum Contagiosum
			Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Human Herpesviruses
		Herpes Simplex Virus
		Varicella-Zoster Virus
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		Cytomegalovirus
		Enteroviruses
		Rubeola
		Rubella
		Mumps
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
8 Physical and Chemical Injuries
	◆ Linea Alba
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Morsicatio Mucosae Oris (Chronic Mucosal Chewing)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Traumatic Ulcerations
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Electrical and Thermal Burns
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Chemical Injuries of the Oral Mucosa
		Aspirin
		Hydrogen Peroxide
		Silver Nitrate
		Phenol
		Endodontic Materials
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Noninfectious Oral Complications of Antineoplastic Therapy
		Clinical Features
			Hemorrhage
			Mucositis
			Dermatitis
			Xerostomia
			Loss of Taste
			Osteoradionecrosis
			Trismus
			Developmental Abnormalities
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Mucositis
			Xerostomia
			Loss of Taste
			Osteoradionecrosis
	◆ Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis; Antiresorptive-Related Osteonecrosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Orofacial Complications of Drug Abuse
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Anesthetic Necrosis
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Exfoliative Cheilitis
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Submucosal Hemorrhage
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Trauma From Sexual Practices
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Amalgam Tattoo and Other Localized Exogenous Pigmentations
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Piercings and Other Body Modifications
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Lesions Associated with Cosmetic Fillers
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Systemic Metallic Intoxication
		Lead
		Mercury
		Silver
		Bismuth and Arsenic
		Gold
			Clinical Features
				Lead
				Mercury
				Silver
				Bismuth
				Arsenic
				Gold
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Smoker’s Melanosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Drug-Related Discolorations of the Oral Mucosa
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Reactive Osseous and Chondromatous Metaplasia (Cutright Lesion)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Ulceration with Bone Sequestration (Spontaneous Sequestration; Traumatic Sequestration)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Antral Pseudocysts
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ True Cysts of the Sinuses (Sinus Mucocele; Surgical Ciliated Cyst; Traumatic Ciliated Cyst; Postoperative Maxillary Cyst; Retention Cyst)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cervicofacial Emphysema
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Myospherulosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Linea Alba
		Morsicatio Buccarum
		Eosinophilic Ulcerations
		Electrical Burns
		Oral Adverse Reactions to Chemicals
		Noninfectious Complications of Antineoplastic Therapy
		Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
		Orofacial Complications of Drug Abuse
		Anesthetic Necrosis
		Exfoliative Cheilitis
		Submucosal Hemorrhage
		Oral Trauma from Sexual Practices
		Localized Exogenous Pigmentations
		Oral Piercings and Forked Tongue
		Oral Lesions Associated with Cosmetic Fillers
		Systemic Metal Intoxication
		Smoker’s Melanosis
		Drug-Related Discolorations of the Oral Mucosa
		Reactive Osseous and Chondromatous Metaplasia
		Oral Ulceration with Bone Sequestration
		Pseudocysts and True Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus
		Cervicofacial Emphysema
		Myospherulosis
9 Allergies and Immunologic Diseases
	◆ Transient Lingual Papillitis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (Recurrent Aphthous Ulcerations; Canker Sores)
		Clinical Features
			Minor Aphthous Ulcerations
			Major Aphthous Ulcerations
			Herpetiform Aphthous Ulcerations
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Behçet Syndrome (Behçet Disease; Adamantiades Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sarcoidosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Orofacial Granulomatosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Wegener Granulomatosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mucosal Reactions to Systemic Drug Administration
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Allergic Contact Stomatitis (Stomatitis Venenata)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Perioral Dermatitis (Periorificial Dermatitis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Contact Stomatitis From Artificial Cinnamon Flavoring
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lichenoid Contact Reaction From Dental Restorative Materials
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Angioedema (Angioneurotic Edema; Quincke Disease)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Transient Lingual Papillitis
		Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
		Behçet Syndrome
		Sarcoidosis
		Orofacial Granulomatosis
		Wegener Granulomatosis
		Allergic Mucosal Reactions to Systemic Drug Administration
		Allergic Contact Stomatitis
		Perioral Dermatitis
		Cinnamon-Induced Contact Stomatitis
		Lichenoid Contact Reactions from Dental Restorative Materials
		Angioedema
10 Epithelial Pathology
	◆ Benign Epithelial Lesions Associated with Human Papillomavirus
		Squamous Papilloma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Condyloma Acuminatum (Venereal Wart)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck Disease; Multifocal Papilloma Virus Epithelial Hyperplasia; Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Sinonasal Papillomas
		Fungiform (Septal; Squamous; Exophytic) Papilloma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Inverted Papilloma (Inverted Schneiderian Papilloma; Endophytic Papilloma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Cylindrical Cell Papilloma (Oncocytic Schneiderian Papilloma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Molluscum Contagiosum
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Verruciform Xanthoma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Seborrheic Keratosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sebaceous Hyperplasia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Ephelis (Freckle)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Actinic Lentigo (Lentigo Solaris; Solar Lentigo; Age Spot; Liver Spot; Senile Lentigo)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lentigo Simplex
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Melasma (Mask of Pregnancy; Chloasma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Melanotic Macule (Focal Melanosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Melanoacanthoma (Melanoacanthosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Acquired Melanocytic Nevus (Nevocellular Nevus; Mole)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Melanocytic Nevus Variants
		Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Halo Nevus (Sutton Nevus; Leukoderma Acquisitum Centrifugum)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Spitz Nevus (Benign Juvenile Melanoma; Spindle and Epithelioid Cell Nevus)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Blue Nevus (Dermal Melanocytoma; Jadassohn-Tièche Nevus)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leukoplakia (Leukokeratosis; Erythroleukoplakia)
		Incidence and Prevalence
		Cause
			Tobacco
			Alcohol
			Sanguinaria
			Ultraviolet Radiation
			Microorganisms
			Trauma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Erythroplakia (Erythroplasia; Erythroplasia of Queyrat)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Smokeless Tobacco Use and Smokeless Tobacco Keratosis (Snuff Pouch; Snuff Dipper’s Lesion; Tobacco Pouch Keratosis; Spit Tobacco Keratosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Submucous Fibrosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Nicotine Stomatitis (Nicotine Palatinus; Smoker’s Palate)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Actinic Cheilosis (Actinic Cheilitis; Solar Cheilosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Keratoacanthoma (“Self-Healing” Carcinoma; Pseudocarcinoma; Keratocarcinoma; Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Keratoacanthoma Type)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Etiology of Oral Cancer
			Tobacco Smoking
			Smokeless Tobacco
			Betel Quid (Paan)
			Alcohol
			Occupational Exposures and Environmental Pollutants
			Radiation
			Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies and Dietary Factors
			Bacteria
			Candida
			Oncogenic Viruses
			Immunosuppression
			Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Lip Vermilion Carcinoma
			Intraoral Carcinoma
			Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
		Metastasis
		Staging
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
		Multiple Carcinomas
	◆ Verrucous Carcinoma (Snuff Dipper’s Cancer; Ackerman’s Tumor)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Spindle Cell Carcinoma (Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Polypoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Carcinosarcoma; Pseudosarcoma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Basaloid Squamous Carcinoma (Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal Cell Epithelioma; Rodent Ulcer)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Merkel Cell Tumor; Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Skin; Small Cell Carcinoma of Skin; Trabecular Carcinoma of Skin)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Melanoma (Malignant Melanoma; Melanocarcinoma)
		Clinical Features
			Superficial Spreading Melanoma
			Nodular Melanoma
			Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
			Acral Lentiginous Melanoma (Mucosal Lentiginous Melanoma)
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Benign Epithelial Lesions Associated with Human Papillomavirus
		Squamous Papilloma
		Verruca Vulgaris
		Condyloma Acuminatum
		Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia
		Sinonasal Papillomas
		Molluscum Contagiosum
		Verruciform Xanthoma
		Seborrheic Keratosis
		Sebaceous Hyperplasia
		Ephelis
		Actinic Lentigo
		Lentigo Simplex
		Melasma
		Oral Melanotic Macule
		Oral Melanoacanthoma
		Melanocytic Nevus
		Leukoplakia
		Erythroplakia
		Smokeless Tobacco Keratosis
		Oral Submucous Fibrosis
		Nicotine Stomatitis
		Actinic Keratosis
		Actinic Cheilosis
		Keratoacanthoma
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Verrucous Carcinoma
		Spindle Cell Carcinoma
		Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Basaloid Squamous Carcinoma
		Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus
		Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
		Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
		Basal Cell Carcinoma
		Merkel Cell Carcinoma
		Melanoma
11 Salivary Gland Pathology
	◆ Salivary Gland Aplasia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mucocele (Mucus Extravasation Phenomenon; Mucus Escape Reaction)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Ranula
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Salivary Duct Cyst (Mucus Retention Cyst; Mucus Duct Cyst; Sialocyst)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sialolithiasis (Salivary Calculi; Salivary Stones)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sialadenitis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cheilitis Glandularis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sialorrhea
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Xerostomia
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ IgG4-Related Disease
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sjögren Syndrome
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Laboratory Values
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sialadenosis (Sialosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Adenomatoid Hyperplasia of the Minor Salivary Glands
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Salivary Gland Tumors
		◆ General Considerations
		◆ Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Oncocytoma (Oxyphilic Adenoma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Oncocytosis (Multinodular Oncocytic Hyperplasia)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Warthin Tumor (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Monomorphic Adenoma
		◆ Canalicular Adenoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Basal Cell Adenoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Ductal Papillomas (Sialadenoma Papilliferum; Intraductal Papilloma; Inverted Ductal Papilloma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Acinic Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Malignant Mixed Tumors (Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma; Carcinoma Ex Mixed Tumor; Carcinosarcoma; Metastasizing Mixed Tumor)
			Clinical Features
				Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
				Carcinosarcoma
				Metastasizing Mixed Tumor
			Histopathologic Features
				Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
				Carcinosarcoma
				Metastasizing Mixed Tumor
			Treatment and Prognosis
				Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
				Carcinosarcoma
				Metastasizing Mixed Tumor
		◆ Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma (Lobular Carcinoma; Terminal Duct Carcinoma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Salivary Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
			Clinical and Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Salivary Gland Aplasia
		Mucocele
		Ranula
		Salivary Duct Cyst
		Sialolithiasis
		Sialadenitis
		Cheilitis Glandularis
		Sialorrhea
		Xerostomia
		IgG4-Related Disease
		Sjögren Syndrome
		Sialadenosis
		Adenomatoid Hyperplasia
		Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
		Salivary Gland Tumors: General Considerations
		Pleomorphic Adenoma
		Oncocytoma and Oncocytosis
		Warthin Tumor
		Canalicular Adenoma
		Basal Cell Adenoma
		Salivary Papillomas
		Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		Acinic Cell Carcinoma
		Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma
		Malignant Mixed Tumors
		Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma
		Salivary Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
12 Soft Tissue Tumors
	◆ Fibroma (Irritation Fibroma; Traumatic Fibroma; Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia; Fibrous Nodule)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Giant Cell Fibroma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Epulis Fissuratum (Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia; Denture Injury Tumor; Denture Epulis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia (Denture Papillomatosis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Fibrous Histiocytoma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Hemangiopericytoma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Fibromatosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Myofibroma (Myofibromatosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Oral Focal Mucinosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Epulis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma (Ossifying Fibroid Epulis; Peripheral Fibroma with Calcification; Calcifying Fibroblastic Granuloma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lipoma
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Traumatic Neuroma (Amputation Neuroma)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma (Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Neurofibroma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen Disease of the Skin)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Values
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Laboratory Values
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Paraganglioma (Carotid Body Tumor; Chemodectoma; Glomus Jugulare Tumor; Glomus Tympanicum Tumor)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Granular Cell Tumor
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Congenital Epulis (Congenital Epulis of the Newborn; Congenital Granular Cell Lesion)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hemangioma and Vascular Malformations
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Hemangioma of Infancy
			Vascular Malformations
			Intrabony Vascular Malformations
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis; Sturge-Weber Angiomatosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lymphatic Malformations (Lymphangioma; Cystic Hygroma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leiomyoma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Rhabdomyoma
		Clinical Features
			Adult Rhabdomyomas
			Fetal Rhabdomyomas
		Histopathologic Features
			Adult Rhabdomyomas
			Fetal Rhabdomyomas
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Osseous and Cartilaginous Choristomas
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Soft Tissue Sarcomas
		◆ Fibrosarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Liposarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (Malignant Schwannoma; Neurofibrosarcoma; Neurogenic Sarcoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Olfactory Neuroblastoma (Esthesioneuroblastoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Angiosarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Kaposi Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
				Classic Type
				Endemic Type
				Iatrogenic Type
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Leiomyosarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
				Embryonal Type
				Alveolar Type
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Synovial Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Metastases to the Oral Soft Tissues
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Fibroma and Giant Cell Fibroma
		Epulis Fissuratum
		Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
		Fibrous Histiocytoma
		Fibromatosis
		Myofibroma (Myofibromatosis)
		Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		Oral Focal Mucinosis
		Pyogenic Granuloma
		Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
		Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
		Lipoma
		Traumatic Neuroma
		Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
		Schwannoma and Neurofibroma
		Neurofibromatosis Type I
		Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
		Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
		Paraganglioma
		Granular Cell Tumor
		Congenital Epulis
		Hemangioma and Vascular Malformations
		Sturge-Weber Syndrome
		Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
		Lymphatic Malformations
		Leiomyoma
		Rhabdomyoma
		Osseous and Cartilaginous Choristomas
		Soft Tissue Sarcomas
		Fibrosarcoma
		Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
		Liposarcoma
		Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
		Olfactory Neuroblastoma
		Angiosarcoma
		Kaposi Sarcoma
		Leiomyosarcoma
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Synovial Sarcoma
		Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma
		Metastases to the Oral Soft Tissues
13 Hematologic Disorders
	◆ Lymphoid Hyperplasia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hemophilia
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Plasminogen Deficiency (Ligneous Conjunctivitis; Hypoplasminogenemia)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Anemia
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Sickle Cell Anemia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Thalassemia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			β-Thalassemia
			α-Thalassemia
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Aplastic Anemia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Neutropenia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Agranulocytosis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cyclic Neutropenia (Cyclic Hematopoiesis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Diagnosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Thrombocytopenia
		Reduced Platelet Production
		Increased Platelet Destruction
		Sequestration in the Spleen
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Polycythemia Vera (Primary Polycythemia; Polycythemia Rubra Vera; Primary Acquired Erythrocytosis)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Leukemia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X; Langerhans Cell Disease; Idiopathic Histiocytosis; Eosinophilic Granuloma; Langerhans Cell Granuloma; Langerhans Cell Granulomatosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hodgkin Lymphoma (Hodgkin Disease)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mycosis Fungoides (Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
			Eczematous Stage
			Plaque Stage
			Tumor Stage
			Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Burkitt Lymphoma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal-Type (Angiocentric T-Cell Lymphoma; Midline Lethal Granuloma; Idiopathic Midline Destructive Disease; Polymorphic Reticulosis; Midline Malignant Reticulosis; Angiocentric Immunoproliferative Lesion)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Multiple Myeloma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
			Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Plasmacytoma
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Lymphoid Hyperplasia
		Hemophilia
		Plasminogen Deficiency
		Anemia
		Sickle Cell Anemia
		Thalassemia
		Aplastic Anemia
		Neutropenia
		Agranulocytosis
		Cyclic Neutropenia
		Thrombocytopenia
		Polycythemia Vera
		Leukemia
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Mycosis Fungoides
		Burkitt Lymphoma
		Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
		Multiple Myeloma
		Plasmacytoma
14 Bone Pathology
	◆ Osteogenesis Imperfecta (“Brittle Bone Disease”)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease; Marble Bone Disease)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Autosomal Recessive Infantile Osteopetrosis
			Autosomal Recessive Intermediate Osteopetrosis
			Autosomal Dominant Adult Osteopetrosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Cleidocranial Dysplasia (Cleidocranial Dysostosis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Focal Osteoporotic Marrow Defect
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Idiopathic Osteosclerosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Massive Osteolysis (Gorham Disease; Gorham-Stout Syndrome; Vanishing Bone Disease; Phantom Bone Disease; Idiopathic Osteolysis)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Paget Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Central Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Lesion; Giant Cell Tumor)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Giant Cell Tumor (“True Giant Cell Tumor”)
	◆ Cherubism
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Simple Bone Cyst (Traumatic Bone Cyst; Hemorrhagic Bone Cyst; Solitary Bone Cyst; Idiopathic Bone Cavity; Unicameral Bone Cyst)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Jaws
		◆ Fibrous Dysplasia
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
				Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia; Jaffe-Lichtenstein Syndrome; McCune-Albright Syndrome
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Cemento-Osseous Dysplasias (Osseous Dysplasia)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Focal Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
				Periapical Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia (Osseous Dysplasia; Periapical Cemental Dysplasia; Periapical Cementoma)
				Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
			Histopathologic Features
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Familial Gigantiform Cementoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Findings
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Ossifying Fibroma (Cementifying Fibroma; Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma (Juvenile Active Ossifying Fibroma; Juvenile Aggressive Ossifying Fibroma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Osteoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Gardner Syndrome
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Osteoblastoma (Giant Osteoid Osteoma) and Osteoid Osteoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Osteoblastoma
				Osteoid Osteoma
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Cementoblastoma (True Cementoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Chondroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Chondromyxoid Fibroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Synovial Chondromatosis (Chondrometaplasia)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Desmoplastic Fibroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Findings
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
			Surface (Juxtacortical) Osteosarcomas
			Postirradiation Bone Sarcoma
		◆ Chondrosarcoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Findings
			Histopathologic Features
				Variants
			Treatment and Prognosis
			Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Ewing Sarcoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Metastatic Tumors to the Jaws
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Osteogenesis Imperfecta
		Osteopetrosis
		Cleidocranial Dysplasia
		Focal Osteoporotic Marrow Defect
		Idiopathic Osteosclerosis
		Massive Osteolysis
		Paget Disease of Bone
		Central Giant Cell Granuloma
		Cherubism
		Simple Bone Cyst
		Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		Fibro-Osseous Lesions—General Aspects and Classification
		Fibrous Dysplasia
		Cemento-Osseous Dysplasias
		Familial Gigantiform Cementoma
		Ossifying Fibroma
		Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
		Osteoma
		Gardner Syndrome
		Osteoblastoma and Osteoid Osteoma
		Cementoblastoma
		Chondroma
		Chondromyxoid Fibroma
		Synovial Chondromatosis
		Desmoplastic Fibroma
		Osteosarcoma
		Postirradiation Bone Sarcoma
		Chondrosarcoma
		Ewing Sarcoma
		Metastatic Tumors to the Jaws
15 Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors
	Odontogenic Cysts
		◆ Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Eruption Cyst (Eruption Hematoma)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Primordial Cyst
		◆ Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Gingival (Alveolar) Cyst of the Newborn
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Gingival Cyst of the Adult
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Lateral Periodontal Cyst (Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst (Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor; Gorlin Cyst; Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor; Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Glandular Odontogenic Cyst (Sialo-Odontogenic Cyst)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Carcinoma Arising in Odontogenic Cysts
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Odontogenic Tumors
	Tumors of Odontogenic Epithelium
		◆ Ameloblastoma
			Conventional Solid or Multicystic Intraosseous Ameloblastoma
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
					Follicular Pattern
					Plexiform Pattern
					Acanthomatous Pattern
					Granular Cell Pattern
					Desmoplastic Pattern
					Basal Cell Pattern
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Unicystic Ameloblastoma
				Clinical and Radiographic Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Peripheral (Extraosseous) Ameloblastoma
				Clinical Features
				Histopathologic Features
				Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma (Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor (Pindborg Tumor)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Mixed Odontogenic Tumors
		◆ Ameloblastic Fibroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma (Ameloblastic Sarcoma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Odontoameloblastoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Odontoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Tumors of Odontogenic Ectomesenchyme
		◆ Central Odontogenic Fibroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor (Granular Cell Odontogenic Fibroma)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Odontogenic Myxoma
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Cementoblastoma (“True Cementoma”)
	Bibliography
		Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors—General References and Classification
		Dentigerous Cyst
		Eruption Cyst
		Primordial Cyst
		Odontogenic Keratocyst
		Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cysts
		Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
		Gingival Cyst of the Newborn
		Gingival Cyst of the Adult
		Lateral Periodontal Cyst
		Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst
		Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
		Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
		Carcinoma Arising in Odontogenic Cysts
		Ameloblastoma
		Unicystic Ameloblastoma
		Peripheral (Extraosseous) Ameloblastoma
		Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma
		Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor
		Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
		Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
		Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
		Mixed Odontogenic Tumors
		Ameloblastic Fibroma
		Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma
		Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
		Odontoameloblastoma
		Odontoma
		Central Odontogenic Fibroma
		Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma
		Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor
		Myxoma
16 Dermatologic Diseases
	◆ Ectodermal Dysplasia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ White Sponge Nevus (Cannon Disease; Familial White Folded Dysplasia)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis (Witkop-Von Sallmann Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pachyonychia Congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky Type; Jackson-Lawler Type)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Dyskeratosis Congenita (Cole-Engman Syndrome; Zinsser-Cole-Engman Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Xeroderma Pigmentosum
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hereditary Mucoepithelial Dysplasia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Incontinentia Pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis; Dyskeratosis Follicularis; Darier-White Disease)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Warty Dyskeratoma (Isolated Darier Disease; Isolated Dyskeratosis Follicularis; Focal Acantholytic Dyskeratosis; Follicular Dyskeratoma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber- Rendu Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Tuberous Sclerosis (Epiloia; Bourneville-Pringle Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome (Cowden Syndrome; PTEN Hamartoma-Tumor Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Epidermolysis Bullosa
		Clinical Features
			Dominant Dystrophic Types
			Recessive Dystrophic Types
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
		Immune-Mediated Diseases and Their Evaluation
	◆ Pemphigus
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Paraneoplastic Pemphigus (Neoplasia-Induced Pemphigus; Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Multiorgan Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Cicatricial Pemphigoid; Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
			Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
			Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica
			Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Topical Agents
			Systemic Agents
	◆ Bullous Pemphigoid
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Erythema Multiforme
		Clinical Features
			Erythema Multiforme Major
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Erythema Migrans (Geographic Tongue; Benign Migratory Glossitis; Wandering Rash of the Tongue; Erythema Areata Migrans; Stomatitis Areata Migrans)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lichen Planus
		Clinical Features
			Reticular Lichen Planus
			Erosive Lichen Planus
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Graft-Versus-Host Disease
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Psoriasis
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lupus Erythematosus
		Clinical Features
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
			Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Systemic Sclerosis (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis; Scleroderma; Hide-Bound Disease)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ CREST Syndrome (Acrosclerosis; Limited Scleroderma)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Acanthosis Nigricans
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Ectodermal Dysplasia
		White Sponge Nevus
		Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis
		Pachyonychia Congenita
		Dyskeratosis Congenita
		Xeroderma Pigmentosum
		Hereditary Mucoepithelial Dysplasia
		Incontinentia Pigmenti
		Darier Disease
		Warty Dyskeratoma
		Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
		Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
		Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
		Tuberous Sclerosis
		Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome
		Epidermolysis Bullosa
		Pemphigus
		Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
		Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
		Bullous Pemphigoid
		Erythema Multiforme
		Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
		Erythema Migrans
		Reactive Arthritis
		Lichen Planus
		Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis
		Graft-Versus-Host Disease
		Psoriasis
		Lupus Erythematosus
		Systemic Sclerosis
		CREST Syndrome
		Acanthosis Nigricans
17 Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
	◆ Mucopolysaccharidosis
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Lipid Reticuloendothelioses
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Gaucher Disease
			Niemann-Pick Disease
			Tay-Sachs Disease
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
			Gaucher Disease
			Niemann-Pick and Tay-Sachs Disease
	◆ Lipoid Proteinosis (Hyalinosis Cutis Et Mucosae; Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Jaundice (Icterus)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Amyloidosis
		Clinical Features
			Organ-Limited Amyloidosis
			Systemic Amyloidosis
			Primary and Myeloma-Associated Amyloidosis
			Secondary Amyloidosis
			Hemodialysis-Associated Amyloidosis
			Heredofamilial Amyloidosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Xanthelasma (Xanthelasma Palpebrarum)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Vitamin Deficiency
		Clinical Features
			Vitamin A
			Thiamin
			Riboflavin
			Niacin
			Pyridoxine
			Vitamin C
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Vitamin K
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Iron-Deficiency Anemia
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (Paterson-Kelly Syndrome; Sideropenic Dysphagia)
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pernicious Anemia
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pituitary Dwarfism
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Gigantism
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Acromegaly
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hypothyroidism (Cretinism; Myxedema)
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis; Graves Disease)
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hypoparathyroidism
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy; Acrodysostosis)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hyperparathyroidism
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Addison Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism)
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Findings
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Diabetes Mellitus
		Clinical Features
			Type I Diabetes Mellitus
			Type II Diabetes Mellitus
			Complications
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Hypophosphatasia
		Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Perinatal Lethal Hypophosphatasia
			Perinatal Benign Hypophosphatasia
			Infantile Hypophosphatasia
			Childhood Hypophosphatasia
			Adult Hypophosphatasia
			Odontohypophosphatasia
		Diagnosis
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets (Hereditary Hypophosphatemia; Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Crohn Disease (Regional Ileitis; Regional Enteritis)
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Pyostomatitis Vegetans
		Clinical Features
		Histopathologic Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Uremic Stomatitis
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Mucopolysaccharidosis
		Lipid Reticuloendothelioses
		Lipoid Proteinosis
		Jaundice
		Amyloidosis
		Xanthelasma
		Vitamin Deficiency
		Iron-Deficiency Anemia
		Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
		Pernicious Anemia
		Pituitary Dwarfism
		Gigantism
		Acromegaly
		Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
		Hypoparathyroidism
		Pseudohypoparathyroidism
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Hypercortisolism
		Addison Disease
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Hypophosphatasia
		Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets
		Crohn Disease
		Pyostomatitis Vegetans
		Uremic Stomatitis
18 Facial Pain and Neuromuscular Diseases
	◆ Bell Palsy (Idiopathic Seventh Nerve Paralysis; Idiopathic Facial Paralysis)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	◆ Frey Syndrome (Auriculotemporal Syndrome; Gustatory Sweating and Flushing)
		Clinical Features
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Head and Neck Pain
		◆ Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux; Tic)
			Clinical Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia (Vagoglossopharyngeal Neuralgia)
			Clinical Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis; Granulomatous Arteritis)
			Clinical Features
			Histopathologic and Laboratory Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Burning Mouth Disorder (Stomatopyrosis; Stomatodynia; Glossopyrosis; Glossodynia; Burning Tongue Syndrome; Burning Mouth Syndrome)
			Clinical Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Dysgeusia and Hypogeusia (Phantom Taste; Distorted Taste)
			Clinical Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Arthritis; Degenerative Joint Disease)
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Laboratory Values
			Histopathologic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
		◆ Temporomandibular Disorders
			Clinical and Radiographic Features
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Bibliography
		Bell Palsy
		Frey Syndrome
		Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
		Giant Cell Arteritis
		Burning Mouth Disorder
		Dysgeusia and Hypogeusia
		Osteoarthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Temporomandibular Disorders
19 Forensic Dentistry
	◆ Record Management
	◆ Identification
		Personal Recognition
		Fingerprinting
		Physical Anthropologic Examination of Bones and Teeth
		Serologic and Genetic (DNA) Comparison
		Dental Evaluation
			Basic Principles
			Guidelines for Dental Identification
				Postmortem Examination
				Antemortem Record Examination
				Comparison of Antemortem and Postmortem Records and Written Conclusions
			Dentistry’s Role in Multiple (Mass) Fatality Incident Identification
				Natural Disasters
				Accidents
				Criminal Disasters
				Responsibilities
				Technologic Aids in Multiple Fatality Incident Analysis
	◆ Bite Pattern Evidence
		Basic Principles
		Historical and Legal Issues
		Characteristics of Bite Marks
		Guidelines for Bite Mark Analysis
			Description of the Bite Mark
			Evidence Collection
				Examination of the Victim and the Suspect
				Photography
				Saliva Evidence
				Impressions and Study Casts
				Tissue Samples
			Evidence Analysis and Comparison
	◆ Human Abuse
		Epidemiology and Classification
		Signs and Symptoms
		Role of Dentistry in Recognizing and Reporting Human Abuse
	◆ Dentists as Expert Witnesses
	◆ Summary
	Bibliography
Appendix Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases
	Definitions
	How to Use This Appendix
	Index To The Appendix: Differential Diagnosis Lists
		Part 1: Mucosal and Soft Tissue Pathology: Color Changes
		Part 2: Mucosal and Soft Tissue Pathology: Surface Alterations
		Part 3: Mucosal and Soft Tissue Pathology: Masses or Enlargements
		Part 4: Radiographic Pathology
		Part 5: Pathology of Teeth