Optics Inspections and Tests: A Guide for Optics Inspectors and Designers

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Theory and Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Prologue
		1.2 Defining Quality
		1.3 Relating Quality with Optics Inspections and Testing
		1.4 The Purpose of This Book
	2 Optics
		2.1 History and Development
		2.2 The Nature of Light
		2.3 Geometrical Optics
		2.4 Physical Optics
		2.5 Optical Aberrations
		2.6 Interference
		2.7 Optical System Design
		2.8 Types of Optical Components
		References
	3 Raw Materials for Producing Optical Elements
		3.1 What Is an Optical Material?
		3.2 Materials for Optical Elements
		3.3 Classification of Optical Materials
		3.4 Main Characteristics of Optical Materials
		References
	4 Manufacturing Processes of Optical Materials
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Glass Manufacturing Process
		4.3 Crystal
		4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		4.5 Plastic
		4.6 Aluminum
		References
	5 Methods for Producing Optical Components
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Conventional Method: Spindle Grinding and Polishing
		5.3 Diamond Turning
		5.4 Precision Glass Molding and Precision Molded Optics
		5.5 Additional Methods for Improving Optical Elements
		5.6 Additional Shaping Methods and Those that Produce Specular Surfaces
		References
	6 Optical Coatings
		6.1 Classification of Optical Coatings
		6.2 Materials
		6.3 AR Coating
		6.4 Reflective Coatings
		6.5 Optical-Coating-Deposition Technologies
		6.6 Requirements
		6.7 Typical Spectral Curves
		References
	7 Optical Adhesives
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Production Bond Failures
		7.3 Incoming Failure Identification
		References
	8 Optics Standards and General Technical Specifications
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Importance and Utility of Standards and Specifications
		8.3 Defining a Standard
		8.4 Defining a Specification
		8.5 MIL-HDBK, MIL-STD, and Milspecs
		8.6 International Organization for Standardization
		8.7 ANSI, ASTM, and ASME
		8.8 Deutsches Institut für Normung
		8.9 General Standards for Technical Drawings
	9 Metrology: Measurement Theory
		9.1 Definition
		9.2 Scientific or Fundamental Metrology
		9.3 Applied, Technical, and Industrial Metrology
		9.4 Legal Metrology
		9.5 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
		9.6 Rules of Thumb for Measurement Tools
		References
Part II: Methods and Tools
	10 Testing and Examining Optical Components
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Overview of Production Requirement Documents
		10.3 A Review of Quality Production and Inspection Records
	11 Inspection and Testing of Raw Materials
		11.1 Index of Refraction
		11.2 Homogeneity
		11.3 Bubbles and Inclusions
		11.4 Striae
		11.5 Strain (Stress)
		11.6 Transmission/transmittance
		11.7 Resistivity of Silicon or Germanium
		References Refractive index
			Homogeneity
			Strain (Stress)
			Striae
			Resistivity
	12 Inspection and Testing of Components
		12.1 Radius of a Spherical Surface
		12.2 Sag (Sagitta)
		12.3 Centration
		12.4 Dial Gauges and Indicators
		12.5 Roundness (Circularity)
		12.6 Central Thickness of a Lens
		12.7 Thickness and Parallelism of Windows
		12.8 Length between Ground Surfaces
		12.9 Concentricity
		12.10 Perpendicularity
		12.11 Chamfer
		12.12 Inside Edges
		12.13 Surface Texture
		12.14 Angularity
	13 Inspection and Testing of Surface Shape and Figure
		13.1 Test Plate
		13.2 Analyzing the Interference Pattern Revealed by the Test Plate
		13.3 Example Surface Patterns of Flat and Spherical Surfaces
		13.4 Principles of Manual Analysis of Interferograms
		13.5 Analyzing the Interference of Simple Patterns
		13.6 Analyzing the Interference of Various Patterns
		13.7 Important Considerations when Analyzing Interference
		13.8 Interferometric Measurements for Flat and Spherical Surfaces
		13.9 Testing Cylindrical Surfaces
		References
	14 Coatings
		14.1 Optical Properties
		14.2 Environmental Durability
		14.3 Visual Inspections
		14.4 Witness Samples
		14.5 Durability of Coatings with Primers and Silicon Removers
		References
	15 Special Properties of Aspheric Surfaces, Diffractive Surfaces, and Sapphire
		15.1 Aspheric Surfaces
		15.2 Diffractive Surfaces
		15.3 Sapphire
		References
Part III: Inspection and Quality Assurance
	16 Acceptance Sampling (Standards and Methods)
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Terms and Definitions
		16.3 How to Determine if 100% Inspection is Necessary
		16.4 Sampling Plan Procedure
		16.5 Types of Decisions
		16.6 Main Statistical Inspection Sample Table References
		16.7 Summary
		References
	17 Location and Process of the Inspection/Test
		17.1 Location
		17.2 Basic Needs
		17.3 Process
	18 Visual Inspection
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Definitions
		18.3 Requirements for Good Visual Inspections
		18.4 Kinds of Defects
		18.5 Visual Inspection Methods
		18.6 Main Defects in Optical Elements
		18.7 Illustrations of Visible Defects in Optical Elements
		18.8 Measuring and Calculating Visual Defects
		References
	19 Handling Optical Components
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Cleaning and Handling
		19.4 Packaging, Storage, and Shipping
		19.5 Health and Safety Aspects
		19.6 Environmental and Additional Health and Safety Aspects
		19.7 First Contact
		Cleaning Technology
		References
	20 Testing of Optical Systems
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Main Optical System Parameters
		20.3 Additional Required Tests of Optical Systems
		References
	21 Handling Nonconforming Optical Elements
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Procedure
		21.3 MRB Decisions
		21.4 Other Considerations
	22 Quality Assurance
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Terms and Definitions
		22.3 Quality Management Theories
		22.4 Product Manufacturing Steps
		22.5 Quality Management Standards
		22.6 Quality Audits
		22.7 Lean Manufacturing
		22.8 Quality Costs
		22.9 Controlling Manufacturing Processes
		22.10 Communication with Suppliers and Customers
		22.11 Manufacturer Qualifying Process
		22.12 First Article Inspection
		22.13 Professionalism and Organizational Conduct
		References
Summary
Index