Optics, Light and Lasers: The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics, Second Edition

Optics, Light and Lasers......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
1.1 Light rays in human experience......Page 13
1.3 Reflection......Page 14
1.4 Refraction......Page 15
1.5 Fermat’s principle: the optical path length......Page 17
1.6 Prisms......Page 20
1.7 Light rays in wave guides......Page 24
1.8 Lenses and curved mirrors......Page 28
1.9 Matrix optics......Page 31
1.10 Ray optics and particle optics......Page 39
Problems......Page 42
2.1 Electromagnetic radiation fields......Page 45
2.2 Wave types......Page 54
2.3 Gaussian beams......Page 57
2.4 Polarization......Page 68
2.5 Diffraction......Page 72
Problems......Page 89
3.1 Dielectric interfaces......Page 93
3.2 Complex refractive index......Page 99
3.3 Optical wave guides and fibres......Page 103
3.4 Functional types and applications of optical fibres......Page 113
3.5 Photonic materials......Page 116
3.6 Light pulses in dispersive materials......Page 128
3.7 Anisotropic optical materials......Page 139
3.8 Optical modulators......Page 147
Problems......Page 158
4 Optical images......Page 161
4.1 The human eye......Page 162
4.2 Magnifying glass and eyepiece......Page 163
4.3 Microscopes......Page 165
4.4 Telescopes......Page 172
4.5 Lenses: designs and aberrations......Page 177
Problems......Page 186
5.1 Young’s double slit......Page 189
5.2 Coherence and correlation......Page 190
5.3 The double-slit experiment......Page 193
5.4 Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence......Page 201
5.5 Fabry–Perot interferometer......Page 207
5.6 Optical cavities......Page 213
5.7 Thin optical films......Page 219
5.8 Holography......Page 223
5.9 Laser speckle (laser granulation)......Page 227
Problems......Page 230
6 Light and matter......Page 233
6.1 Classical radiation interaction......Page 234
6.2 Two-level atoms......Page 244
6.3 Stimulated and spontaneous radiation processes......Page 256
6.4 Inversion and amplification......Page 260
Problems......Page 265
7 The laser......Page 267
7.1 The classic system: the He–Ne laser......Page 270
7.2 Mode selection in the He–Ne laser......Page 272
7.3 Spectral properties of the He–Ne laser......Page 278
7.5 Other gas lasers......Page 281
7.6 Molecular gas lasers......Page 284
7.7 The workhorses: solid-state lasers......Page 289
7.8 Selected solid-state lasers......Page 293
7.9 Tunable lasers with vibronic states......Page 301
7.10 Tunable ring lasers......Page 305
Problems......Page 307
8.1 Basic laser theory......Page 309
8.2 Laser rate equations......Page 316
8.3 Threshold-less lasers and micro-lasers......Page 320
8.4 Laser noise......Page 324
8.5 Pulsed lasers......Page 332
Problems......Page 344
9.1 Semiconductors......Page 345
9.2 Optical properties of semiconductors......Page 348
9.3 The heterostructure laser......Page 358
9.4 Dynamic properties of semiconductor lasers......Page 367
9.5 Laser diodes, diode lasers, laser systems......Page 374
9.6 High-power laser diodes......Page 378
Problems......Page 381
10 Sensors for light......Page 383
10.1 Characteristics of optical detectors......Page 384
10.2 Fluctuating opto-electronic quantities......Page 388
10.3 Photon noise and detectivity limits......Page 390
10.4 Thermal detectors......Page 396
10.5 Quantum sensors I: photomultiplier tubes......Page 399
10.6 Quantum sensors II: semiconductor sensors......Page 403
10.7 Position and image sensors......Page 408
Problems......Page 412
11.1 Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)......Page 413
11.2 Absorption and dispersion......Page 414
11.3 The width of spectral lines......Page 416
11.4 Doppler-free spectroscopy......Page 423
11.5 Transient phenomena......Page 430
11.6 Light forces......Page 436
Problems......Page 448
12.1 Does light exhibit quantum character?......Page 451
12.2 Quantization of the electromagnetic field......Page 453
12.3 Spontaneous emission......Page 456
12.4 Weak coupling and strong coupling......Page 462
12.5 Resonance fluorescence......Page 466
12.6 Light fields in quantum optics......Page 475
12.7 Two-photon optics......Page 486
12.8 Entangled photons......Page 490
Problems......Page 499
13.1 Charged anharmonic oscillators......Page 501
13.2 Second-order nonlinear susceptibility......Page 503
13.3 Wave propagation in nonlinear media......Page 509
13.4 Frequency doubling......Page 512
13.5 Sum and difference frequency......Page 525
13.6 Optical parametric oscillators......Page 527
Problems......Page 531
14 Nonlinear optics II: four-wave mixing......Page 533
14.1 Frequency tripling in gases......Page 534
14.2 Nonlinear refraction coefficient (optical Kerr effect)......Page 535
14.3 Self-phase modulation......Page 543
Problems......Page 544
A.1 Spectral analysis of fluctuating measurable quantities......Page 545
A.2 Poynting theorem......Page 551
B.1 Temporal evolution of a two-state system......Page 553
B.2 Density-matrix formalism......Page 554
B.3 Density of states......Page 555
Bibliography......Page 557
Index......Page 565