Optically Stimulated Luminescence: Fundamentals and Applications

Optically Stimulated Luminescence......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 15
Disclaimer......Page 16
List of Acronyms......Page 17
1.1 A Short History of Optically Stimulated Luminescence......Page 19
1.2.1 Personal......Page 25
1.2.2 Space......Page 26
1.2.3 Medical......Page 27
1.3 The Future......Page 28
2.1 Introduction......Page 31
2.2.1 Energy Levels in Perfect Crystals......Page 35
2.2.2 Defects in the Crystal......Page 36
2.2.3 Excitation of the Crystal by Ionizing Radiation......Page 37
2.2.4 Trapping and Recombination at Defect Levels......Page 40
2.2.5 Thermal Stimulation of Trapped Charges......Page 42
2.2.6 Optical Stimulation of Trapped Charges......Page 43
2.2.7 The Luminescence Process......Page 45
2.2.8 Rate Equations for OSL and TL Processes......Page 51
2.2.9 Temperature Dependence of the OSL Signal......Page 58
2.2.10 Other OSL Models......Page 62
2.3.1 Basic Elements of an OSL Reader......Page 65
2.3.2 Stimulation Modalities......Page 66
2.4 Instrumentation......Page 76
2.4.1 Light Sources......Page 77
2.4.2 Light Detectors......Page 81
2.4.3 Optical Filters......Page 85
2.4.5 Sample Heaters......Page 87
2.5.1 Experimental Arrangements......Page 88
2.5.2 Automated Research Readers......Page 89
2.5.3 Commercial Dosimetry Readers......Page 91
2.5.4 Optical Fiber Systems......Page 92
2.5.5 Imaging Systems......Page 93
2.6.1 OSL Emission and Stimulation Spectrum......Page 94
2.6.3 Correlations Between OSL and TL......Page 96
2.7 Overview of OSL Materials......Page 100
2.7.1 Artificial Materials......Page 103
2.7.2 Natural Materials......Page 113
2.7.4 Other OSL Materials and Material Needs......Page 116
3.1 Introduction......Page 119
3.2 Quantities of Interest......Page 120
3.2.1 Absorbed Dose and Other Physical Quantities......Page 121
3.2.2 Protection Quantities......Page 126
3.2.3 Operational Quantities......Page 128
3.3.1 Definitions......Page 129
3.3.2 Dose Calculation Algorithm......Page 132
3.3.3 Reference Calibration Fields for Personal and Area Dosimeters......Page 136
3.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis and Expression of Uncertainty......Page 137
3.4.1 General Characteristics......Page 141
3.4.2 Al2O3:C Detectors......Page 147
3.4.3 BeO Detectors......Page 158
3.5.1 Luxel+ Dosimetry System......Page 161
3.5.2 InLight Dosimetry System......Page 164
3.6 Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors......Page 168
3.6.1 Development of Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors......Page 169
3.6.2 Properties of OSLN Detectors......Page 172
3.6.3 Ionization Density Effects......Page 175
4.1 Introduction......Page 181
4.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)......Page 183
4.2.2 Earth’s Radiation Belts (ERB)......Page 185
4.2.3 Solar Particle Events (SPEs)......Page 189
4.2.4 Secondary Radiation......Page 191
4.3.1 Absorbed Dose, D......Page 192
4.3.3 Equivalent Dose, HT......Page 193
4.3.5 Gray-Equivalent, GT......Page 194
4.4 Health Risk......Page 195
4.5.1 The Calibration Problem for Space Radiation Fields......Page 196
4.5.2 Thermoluminescence, TL......Page 200
4.5.3 Optically Stimulated Luminescence, OSL......Page 206
4.5.4 OSL Response in Mixed Fields......Page 215
4.6.1 Use of OSLDs (and TLDs) in Space-Radiation Fields......Page 224
4.6.2 Example Applications......Page 227
4.7 Future Directions......Page 234
5.1 Introduction......Page 237
5.2.1 Diagnostic Radiology......Page 241
5.2.2 Radiation Therapy and Radiosurgery......Page 245
5.2.3 Proton and Heavy-Ion Therapy......Page 250
5.3.1 A Proposed Formalism......Page 252
5.3.2 Calibration and Readout Protocols......Page 256
5.3.3 A Checklist for Reporting OSL Results......Page 264
5.4.1 Basic Concept......Page 265
5.4.2 Optical-Fiber OSL System Designs and Materials......Page 267
5.4.3 Readout Approaches......Page 271
5.5 Properties of Al2O3:C OSL Detectors for Medical Applications......Page 278
5.5.1 Influence Factors and Correction Factors......Page 279
5.5.2 Correction Factors for Beam Quality......Page 283
5.6.1 Quality Assurance in External Beam Radiation Therapy......Page 287
5.6.2 Brachytherapy......Page 289
5.6.3 Measurement of Dose Profiles in X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)......Page 290
5.6.4 Proton Therapy......Page 292
5.6.5 Fluoroscopy (Patient and Staff Dosimetry)......Page 294
5.6.6 Mammography......Page 295
5.6.8 Dose Mapping......Page 296
5.6.9 Final Remarks on Clinical Applications......Page 297
6.2 Retrospective and Accident Dosimetry......Page 299
6.2.1 Basic Considerations......Page 302
6.2.2 Methodological Aspects......Page 303
6.2.3 Building Materials......Page 307
6.2.4 Household Materials......Page 312
6.2.5 Electronic Components......Page 313
6.2.6 Dental Enamel and Dental Ceramics......Page 317
6.3 Environmental Monitoring......Page 324
6.4 UV Dosimetry......Page 327
6.5 Integrated Sensors......Page 329
6.6 Passive/Active Devices......Page 332
6.7 Other Potential Security Applications......Page 333
References......Page 335
Index......Page 373
Color Plate......Page 381