Optical Properties of Nanoparticle Systems: Mie and Beyond

Cover......Page 1
Optical Properties of Nanoparticle Systems......Page 2
ISBN: 9783527410439......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 16
1: Introduction......Page 18
2: Nanoparticle Systems and Experimental Optical Observables......Page 26
2.1: Classification of Nanoparticle Systems......Page 27
2.2: Stability of Nanoparticle Systems......Page 31
2.3: Extinction, Optical Density, and Scattering......Page 38
2.3.1: The Role of the Particle Material Data......Page 42
2.3.2: The Role of the Particle Size......Page 43
2.3.3: The Role of the Particle Shape......Page 46
2.3.4.1 Dilute Systems......Page 50
2.3.4.2 Closely Packed Systems......Page 51
3.1 Classical Description......Page 54
3.1.1 The Harmonic Oscillator Model......Page 55
3.1.2 Extensions of the Harmonic Oscillator Model......Page 57
3.1.3 The Drude Dielectric Function......Page 58
3.2 Quantum Mechanical Concepts......Page 59
3.2.1 The Hubbard Dielectric Function......Page 60
3.2.2 Interband Transitions......Page 64
3.3 Tauc – Lorentz and OJL Models......Page 67
3.4 Kramers – Kronig Relations and Penetration Depth......Page 69
4: Fundamentals of Light Scattering by an Obstacle......Page 72
4.1 Maxwell ’ s Equations and the Helmholtz Equation......Page 73
4.2 Electromagnetic Fields......Page 76
4.3 Boundary Conditions......Page 78
4.4 Poynting ’ s Law and Cross - sections......Page 79
4.5 Far - Field and Near - Field......Page 82
4.6 The Incident Electromagnetic Wave......Page 83
4.7 Rayleigh ’ s Approximation for Small Particles – The Dipole Approximation......Page 86
4.8 Rayleigh – Debye – Gans Approximation for Vanishing Optical Contrast......Page 88
5: Mie ’ s Theory for Single Spherical Particles......Page 92
5.1 Electromagnetic Fields and Boundary Conditions......Page 93
5.2 Cross - sections, Scattering Intensities, and Related Quantities......Page 100
5.3 Resonances......Page 104
5.3.1 Geometric Resonances......Page 105
5.3.2 Electronic Resonances and Surface Plasmon Polaritons......Page 108
5.3.2.1 Electronic Resonances......Page 109
5.3.2.2 Surface Plasmon Polariton Resonances......Page 111
5.3.2.3 Multiple Resonances......Page 118
5.3.3 Longitudinal Plasmon Resonances......Page 121
5.4 Optical Contrast......Page 125
5.5 Near - Field......Page 129
5.5.1 Some Further Details......Page 139
6: Application of M ie ’ s Theory......Page 140
6.1 Drude Metal Particles ( Al, Na, K )......Page 141
6.2.1 Calculations......Page 144
6.2.2.1 Colloidal Au and Ag Suspensions......Page 146
6.2.2.2 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles in Glass......Page 148
6.2.2.3 Copper Nanoparticles in Glass and Silica......Page 149
6.2.2.4 AgxAu1−x Alloy Nanoparticles in Photosensitive Glass......Page 151
6.2.2.5 Silver Aerosols......Page 152
6.2.2.6 Further Experiments......Page 154
6.3 Catalyst Metal Particles ( Pt, Pd, Rh )......Page 156
6.4 Magnetic Metal Particles ( Fe, Ni, Co )......Page 158
6.5 Rare Earth Metal Particles ( Sc, Y, Er )......Page 159
6.6 Transition Metal Particles ( V, Nb, Ta )......Page 162
6.7 Summary of Metal Particles......Page 164
6.8 Semimetal Particles ( TiN, ZrN )......Page 165
6.9.1 Calculations......Page 168
6.9.2.2 Quantum Confinement in CdSe Nanoparticles......Page 171
6.10 Carbonaceous Particles......Page 173
6.11.1 Calculations......Page 179
6.11.2.1 Aerosols of Fe2O3......Page 180
6.11.2.2 Aerosols of Cu2O and CuO......Page 182
6.11.2.3 Colloidal Fe2O3 nanoparticles......Page 184
6.12 Transparent Oxide Particles ( SiO2 , Al2O3 , CeO2 , TiO2 )......Page 185
6.13 Particles with Phonon Polaritons ( MgO, NaCl, CaF 2 )......Page 187
6.14 Miscellaneous Nanoparticles ( ITO, LaB 6 , EuS )......Page 189
7.1.1 Calculations......Page 194
7.1.1.1 Metallic Shells on a Transparent Core......Page 197
7.1.1.2 Oxide Shells on Metal and Semiconducting Core Particles......Page 201
7.1.2.1 Ag – Au and Au – Ag Core – Shell Particles......Page 204
7.1.2.2 Multishell Nanoparticles of Ag and Au......Page 206
7.1.2.3 Optical Bistability in Silver - Coated CdS Nanoparticles......Page 207
7.1.2.4 Ag and Au Aerosols with Salt Shells......Page 210
7.1.2.5 Further Experiments......Page 213
7.2 Supported Nanoparticles......Page 215
7.3 Charged Nanoparticles......Page 223
7.4.1 Dichroism......Page 227
7.4.3 Gradient - Index Materials......Page 228
7.4.4 Optically Active Materials......Page 230
7.5.1 Calculations......Page 231
7.5.2.1 Absorption of Scattered Light in Ag and Au Colloids......Page 236
7.5.2.2 Ag and Fe Nanoparticles in Fullerene Film......Page 237
7.6.1 Gaussian Beam Illumination......Page 240
7.6.2 Evanescent Waves from Total Internal Refl ection......Page 243
8.1 Boundary Conditions – the Spill - Out Effect......Page 250
8.2 Free Path Effect in Nanoparticles......Page 251
8.3 Chemical Interface Damping – Dynamic Charge Transfer......Page 257
9: Beyond M ie ’ s Theory I – Nonspherical Particles......Page 262
9.1.1 Spheroids (Ellipsoids of Revolution)......Page 264
9.1.1.1 Electromagnetic Fields......Page 265
9.1.1.2 Scattering Coefficients......Page 268
9.1.1.4 Resonances......Page 269
9.1.1.6 Extensions......Page 271
9.1.2 Ellipsoids ( Rayleigh Approximation)......Page 272
9.1.3.1 Metal Particles......Page 276
9.1.3.2 Semimetal and Semiconductor Particles......Page 282
9.1.3.3 Carbonaceous Particles......Page 283
9.1.3.5 Miscellaneous Particles......Page 284
9.1.4.1 Prolate Spheroidal Silver Particles in F ourcault Glass......Page 285
9.1.4.2 Plasma Polymer Films with Nonspherical Silver Particles......Page 286
9.1.4.3 Further Experiments......Page 289
9.2.1 Electromagnetic Fields and Scattering Coeffi cients......Page 290
9.2.2 Efficiencies and Scattering Intensities......Page 294
9.2.3 Resonances......Page 296
9.2.4 Extensions......Page 298
9.2.5 Numerical Examples......Page 299
9.2.5.1 Metal Particles......Page 300
9.2.5.2 Semimetal and Semiconductor Particles......Page 305
9.2.5.3 Carbonaceous Particles......Page 308
9.2.5.4 Oxide Particles......Page 309
9.2.5.5 Particles with Phonon Polaritons......Page 310
9.2.5.6 Miscellaneous Particles......Page 311
9.3.1 Theoretical Considerations......Page 313
9.3.2 Numerical Examples......Page 315
9.3.2.2 Semimetal and Semiconductor Particles......Page 316
9.3.2.3 Particles with Phonon Polaritons......Page 317
9.3.2.4 Miscellaneous Particles......Page 318
9.4.1 Discrete Dipole Approximation......Page 319
9.4.2 T - Matrix Method or Extended Boundary Condition Method......Page 322
9.4.3.4 Finite Difference Time Domain Technique......Page 324
9.5.1 Nonmetallic Nanoparticles......Page 325
9.5.2 Metallic Nanoparticles......Page 327
10: Beyond Mie ’ s Theory II – The Generalized Mie Theory......Page 334
10.1 Derivation of the Generalized M ie Theory......Page 335
10.2 Resonances......Page 338
10.3.1 Influence of Shape......Page 342
10.3.3 Influence of Interparticle Distance......Page 344
10.3.4 Enhancement of Scattering and Extinction......Page 346
10.3.5 The Problem of Convergence......Page 348
10.4.1 Incident Beam......Page 352
10.4.2 Nonspherical Particles......Page 353
11: The Generalized Mie Theory Applied to Different Systems......Page 358
11.1.1 Calculations......Page 359
11.1.2.1 Extinction of Light in Colloidal Gold and Silver Systems......Page 363
11.1.2.2 Total Scattering of Light by Aggregates......Page 370
11.1.2.3 Angle - Resolved Light Scattering by Nanoparticle Aggregates......Page 372
11.1.2.4 PTOBD on Aggregated Gold and Silver Nanocomposites......Page 375
11.1.2.5 Light - Induced van der Waals Attraction......Page 377
11.1.2.6 Coalescence of Nanoparticles......Page 378
11.1.2.7 Further Experiments with Gold and Silver Nanoparticles......Page 380
11.2 Semimetal and Semiconductor Particles......Page 381
11.3 Nonabsorbing Dielectrics......Page 384
11.4 Carbonaceous Particles......Page 386
11.5 Particles with Phonon Polaritons......Page 389
11.6 Miscellaneous Particles......Page 392
11.7 Aggregates of Nanoparticles of Different Materials......Page 393
11.8 Optical Particle Sizing......Page 396
11.9 Stochastically Distributed Spheres......Page 399
11.10.1 Applications of the Discrete Dipole Approximation......Page 404
11.10.3 Other Methods......Page 406
12: Densely Packed Systems......Page 410
12.1 The Two - Flux Theory of Kubelka and Munk......Page 411
12.2 Applications of the K ubelka – M unk Theory......Page 414
12.2.1 Dense Systems of Color Pigments: Cr 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Cu 2 O......Page 415
12.2.2 Dense Systems of White Pigments: SiO 2 and TiO 2......Page 416
12.2.3 Dense Systems of ZrN and TiN Nanoparticles......Page 417
12.2.4 Dense Systems of Silicon Nanoparticles......Page 418
12.2.5 Dense Systems of IR Absorbers: ITO and LaB 6......Page 420
12.2.6 Dense Systems of Noble Metals: Ag and Au......Page 421
12.2.7 The L ycurgus Cup......Page 423
12.3 Improvements of the K ubelka – M unk Theory......Page 424
13: Near - Field and SERS......Page 428
13.1 Waveguiding Along Particle Chains......Page 429
13.2 Scanning Near - Field Optical Microscopy......Page 433
13.3 SERS with Aggregates......Page 437
14: Effective Medium Theories......Page 444
14.1 Theoretical Results for Dielectric Nanoparticle Composites......Page 448
14.2 Theoretical Results for Metal Nanoparticle Composites......Page 450
14.3 Experimental Examples......Page 454
References......Page 458
Color Plates......Page 496
Index......Page 502