Optical and wireless convergence for 5G networks

About the Editors iiContributors vPreface xxviiAcknowledgments iIntroduction iii1 Towards a Converged Optical-Wireless Fronthaul/Backhaul Solution for 5G Networks and Beyond 1Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Nelson Jesus Muga, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Catia Pinho, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Lucios Teixeira1.1 Introduction 21.2 Cellular Network Interface and Solution 31.2.1 MBH/MFH Architecture 31.2.2 Integrated MBH/MFH Transport Network 51.3 5G Enabling Technologies 51.3.1 Ultra-Densication 61.3.2 C-RAN and RAN Virtualization 61.3.3 Advanced radio coordination 81.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Small Cells 91.3.5 Massive MIMO 101.3.6 New Multicarrier Modulations for 5G 101.4 Fiber-Wireless Network Convergence 111.5 Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Scheme 121.5.1 Digital Radio-over-Fiber (D-RoF) Transmission 121.5.2 Analog Radio-over-Fiber (A-RoF) Transmission 131.6 Optical MBH/MFH Transport Network Multiplexing Schemes 141.6.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) based Schemes 141.6.2 Spatial-Division Multiplexing (SDM) based Schemes 151.7 Wireless based MFH/MBH 181.7.1 FSO Communication Systems 181.7.2 Hybrid RF/FSO Technology 211.7.3 Relay-Assisted FSO Transmission 221.8 Experimental Channel measurement and characterization 231.9 Results and Discussions 241.10 Conclusion 24Acknowledgments 24Bibliography 252 Hybrid Fiber Wireless (HFW) Extension for GPON Toward 5G 31Rattana Chuenchom, Andreas Ste_an, Robert G. Walker, Stephen J. Clements, Yigal Leiba, Andrzej Banach, Mateusz Lech, Andreas Stohr2.1 Passive Optical Network 322.1.1 GPON and EPON standard 332.2 Transparent Wireless Extension of Optical Links 342.2.1 Transparent wireless extension of optical links using CRoF 342.3 Key Enabling Photonic and Electronic Technologies 362.3.1 Coherent Photonic Mixer 362.3.2 Single side band Mach-Zehnder modulator 382.3.3 High power amplifier in E-band for GPON extension 402.3.4 Integrated radio access units 422.4 Field Trial for 2.5 Gbit/s GPON over Wireless 432.4.1 RX Throughput and packet loss 482.4.2 Latency 482.4.3 Jitter 492.5 Conclusions 49Bibliography 503 Software Defened Networking and Network Function Virtualisation for Converged Accessmetro Networks 53Marco Rumi , Frank Slyne3.1 Introduction 533.2 The 5G requirements driving network convergence and virtualisation 543.3 Access and metro convergence 573.3.1 Long-Reach Passive Optical Network 583.3.2 New architectures in support of 5G networks, network virtualisation and mobile functional split 593.4 Functional convergence and virtualisation of the central offices 623.4.1 Infrastructure 633.4.2 Management and Control 663.4.3 Cross-Layer Components 703.5 Conclusions 70Bibliography 704 Multicore Fibres for 5G Fronthaul Evolution 77Ivana Gasulla, Jose Capmany4.1 Why 5G communications demand for optical Space-Division Multiplexing 774.2 Multicore Fibre Transmission Review 794.2.1 Homogeneous MCFs 804.2.2 Heterogeneous MCFs 814.3 Radio Access Networks using Multicore Fibre Links 824.3.1 Basic MCF link between Central O_ce and Base Station 844.3.2 MCF-based Radio over Fibre C-RAN 854.3.3 MCF-based Digital Radio over Fibre C-RAN 874.4 Microwave signal processing enabled by multicore fibres 884.4.1 Signal Processing over a Heterogeneous MCF link 904.4.2 RF Signal Processing over a Homogeneous MCF Multicavity device 924.5 Final Remarks 94Bibliography 955 Enabling VLC and Wi-Fi Network Technologies and Architectures Towards 5G 99Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Lu__s Teixeira, Stanislav Zv_anovec, Zabih Ghassemlooy5.1 Introduction 1005.2 Optical Wireless Systems 1025.3 Visible Light Communication (VLC) System Fundamentals 1045.4 VLC Current and Anticipated Future Applications 1075.4.1 Underwater Wireless Communications 1095.4.2 Airlines and Aviation 1095.4.3 Hospitals 1105.4.4 Vehicular Communication Systems 1105.4.5 Sensitive Areas 1115.4.6 Manufacturing and Industrial Applications 1115.4.7 Retail Stores 1125.4.8 Consumer Electronics 1125.4.9 Internet of Things 1125.4.10 Other Application Areas 1135.5 Hybrid VLC and RF Networks 1135.6 Challenges and Open-Ended Issues 1145.6.1 Flicker and Dimming 1155.6.2 Data Rate Improvement 1155.7 Conclusions 116Acknowledgments 116Bibliography 1176 5G RAN: Key Radio Technologies and Hardware Implementation Challenges 123Hassan Hamdoun, Mohamed Hamid, Shoaib Amin, Hind Dafallah6.1 Introduction 1236.2 5G NR-enabled Use Cases 1246.2.1 eMBB and uRLLC 1256.2.2 Migration to 5G 1266.3 5G RAN Radio-enabling Technologies 1266.3.1 Massive MIMO (M-MIMO) 1276.3.2 Carrier Aggregation and Licensed Assisted Access to unlicensed spectrum 1306.3.3 Dual Connectivity 1316.3.4 Device-to-Device (D2D) communication 1326.4 Hardware Impairments 1326.4.1 Hardware Impairments-Transmitters 1336.4.2 Hardware Impairments - Receivers 1356.4.3 Hardware Impairments - Transceivers 1356.5 Technology and Fabrication challenges 1366.6 Conclusion 137Bibliography 1377 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design for 5G Applications 143Issa Elfergani, Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini, Abdelgader Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Raed Abd-Alhameed7.1 Introduction 1447.2 Antenna Design and Procedure 1467.3 Antenna Optimisation and Analysis 1477.3.1 The inuence of ground plane length (GL) 1487.3.2 The effect of feeding strip position (Fp) 1487.3.3 The inuences of the substrate type 1497.4 MMwave Antenna Design with notched frequency band 1507.5 MMwave Antenna Design with Loaded Capacitor 1537.6 Conclusion 156Acknowledgement 156Bibliography 1568 Wireless Signal Encapsulation on Seamless Fiber{mmWave System 161Pham Tien Dat, Atsushi Kanno, Naokatsu Yamamoto, Testuya Kawanishi8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Principle of signal encapsulation 1638.2.1 Downlink system 1638.2.2 Uplink system 1658.3 Examples of signal encapsulation 1668.3.1 Downlink transmission 1668.3.2 Uplink transmission 1708.3.3 MmWave link distance 1738.3.4 Conclusion 175Bibliography 1769 5G Optical Sensing Technologies 179Seedahmed S. Mahmoud , Bernhard Koziol, Jusak Jusak9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Optical Fibre Communication Network: Intrusion Methods 1829.3 Physical Protection of Optical Fibre Communication Cables 1839.3.1 Location-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 1859.3.2 Point-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 1879.3.3 Zone-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 1899.4 Design Consideration and Performance Characteristics 1909.4.1 Performance Parameters 1909.4.2 The Needs for Robust Signal Processing Methods 1919.4.3 System Installation and Technology Suitability 1929.5 Conclusions 193Bibliography 19310 The Tactile Internet over 5G FiWi Architectures 197Amin Ebrahimzadeh, Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury, Martin Maier10.1 Introduction 19710.2 The Tactile Internet: State of the Art and Open Challenges 20310.3 Related Work 20610.4 HITL-Centric Teleoperation over AI Enhanced FiWi Networks 20710.5 HART-Centric Task Allocation over Multi-Robot FiWi based Tactile Internet Infrastructures 21210.6 Conclusions 217Bibliography 21811 Energy Efficiency in Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G Mobile Networks:Opportunities and Challenges 223Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Akeem Olapade Mufutau, Fernando Pereira Guiomar, Ifiok Otung, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Ant_onio Lu__s Teixeira11.1 Introduction 22411.1.1 Environmental effects 22511.1.2 Economic benefits 22511.2 Standardized Energy Efficiency Metric (Green metric) 22811.2.1 Power per subscriber, tra_c and distance/area 22911.2.2 Energy consumption rating (ECR) measured in Watt/Gbps 22911.2.3 Telecommunications energy efficiency ratio (TEER) 23011.2.4 Telecommunication Equipment Energy Efficiency Rating (TEEER) 23011.3 Green Design for Energy Crunch Prevention in 5G networks 23011.3.1 Hardware solutions 23111.3.2 Network planning and deployment 23211.3.3 Resource allocation 23311.3.4 Energy harvesting (EH) and transfer 23311.4 Fiber-based Energy Efficient Network 23511.4.1 Zero Power RAU PoF Network 23611.4.2 Battery Powered RRH PoF Network 23611.5 System and Power Consumption Model 23711.5.1 Remote unit power consumption 23911.5.2 Centralized unit power consumption 23911.5.3 Fronthaul power consumption 23911.5.4 Massive MIMO energy efficiency 24011.6 Simulation Results and Discussions 24211.7 Conclusion 242Acknowledgments 243Bibliography 24312 Fog Computing Enhanced Fiber-Wireless Access Networks in the 5G Era 247Bhaskar Prasad Rimal, Martin Maier12.1 Background and Motivation 24712.1.1 Next-Generation PON and Beyond 24712.1.2 FiWi Broadband Access Networks 25012.1.3 Role of Fog Computing 25112.1.4 Computation Offloading 25112.1.5 Key Issues and Contributions 25312.2 Fog Computing Enhanced FiWi Networks 25512.2.1 Network Architecture 25512.2.2 Protocol Description 25512.3 Analysis 25612.3.1 Survivability Analysis 25612.3.2 End-to-End Delay Analysis 25812.4 Implementation and Validation 25912.4.1 Experimental Testbed 25912.4.2 Results 26012.5 Conclusions and Outlook 26212.5.1 Conclusions 26212.5.2 Outlook 262Bibliography 26313 Techno-economic and Business Feasibility Analysis of 5G Transport Networks 267Forough Yaghoubi, Mozhgan Mahloo, Lena Wosinska, Paolo Monti, Fabricio S. Farias, Joao C. W. A. Costa, Jiajia Chen13.1 Introduction 26813.2 Mobile Backhaul Technologies 27013.3 Techno-economic Framework 27213.3.1 Architecture Module 27413.3.2 Topology Module 27413.3.3 Market Module 27413.3.4 Network Dimensioning Tool 27413.3.5 Cost Module 27513.3.6 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Module 27513.3.7 Business Models and Scenarios 27713.3.8 Techno-economic Module 27813.4 Case Study 27813.4.1 Application of Methodology/Scenarios 27913.4.2 Techno-economic Evaluation Results 28213.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 28413.5 Conclusion 286Bibliography